Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Inflammation Play Key Roles in Cyclophilin A–Induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Abstract

Oxidative stress and inflammation play key roles in development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We previously reported that an endothelial cell (EC)-specific cyclophilin A overexpression mouse developed many characteristics of PAH. In other models of cardiovascular disease, cyclophilin A stimulates smooth muscle proliferation and vascular inflammation, but mechanisms responsible for PAH have not been defined. In particular, the contribution of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in cyclophilin A-mediated PAH has not been studied. We identified increased levels of cyclophilin A in endothelial and neointimal cells of pulmonary arteries in patients with PAH and animal pulmonary hypertension models. In the EC-specific cyclophilin A overexpression mouse that exhibited features characteristic of PAH, lineage tracing showed high level expression of mesenchymal markers in pulmonary ECs. A significant number of mesenchymal cells in media and perivascular regions of pulmonary arterioles and alveoli were derived from ECs. Pulmonary ECs isolated from these mice showed phenotypic changes characteristic of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in culture. Cultured pulmonary ECs stimulated with extracellular cyclophilin A and acetylated cyclophilin A demonstrated functional changes associated with endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition such as increased cytokine release, migration, proliferation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Acetylated cyclophilin A stimulated greater increases for most features of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. In conclusion, extracellular cyclophilin A (especially acetylated form) contributes to PAH by mechanisms involving increased endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, cytokine release, EC migration, proliferation, and mitochondrial dysfunction; strengthening the basis for studying cyclophilin A inhibition as a therapy for PAH.