Abstract
Circulatory hypoxia‐related diseases (CHRDs), including acute coronary syndromes, stroke and organ transplantation, attract increased attention due to high morbidity and mortality. Mounting evidence shows that hypoxia‐induced oxidative stress, coagulation, inflammation and angiogenesis play extremely important roles in the physiological and pathological processes of CHRD‐related vascular endothelial injury. Interestingly, hypoxia, even hypoxia‐induced oxidative stress, coagulation and inflammation can all induce release of endothelial microparticles (EMPs). EMPs, shed from activated or apoptotic endothelial cells (ECs), reflect the degree of EC damage, and elevated EMP levels are found in several CHRDs. Furthermore, EMPs, which play an important role in cell‐to‐cell communication and function, have confirmed pro‐coagulant, proinflammatory, angiogenic and other functions, affecting pathological processes. These findings suggest that EMPs and CHRDs have a very close relationship, and EMPs may help to identify CHRD phenotypes and stratify the severity of disease, to improve risk stratification for developing CHRDs, to better define prophylactic strategies and to ameliorate prognostic characterization of patients with CHRDs. This review summarizes the known and potential roles of EMPs in the diagnosis, staging, treatment and clinical prognosis of CHRDs.
Highlights
Membrane-derived vesicles endothelial microparticles (EMPs)– EMP phenotypes s CD31+ EMPs s CD51+ EMPs s CD54+ EMPs s CD62E+ EMPs s CD105+ EMPs. Endoglin (CD105)+ EMPs s CD144+ EMPs s CD146+ EMPs– EMPs as messengersReceived: November 22, 2016; Accepted: January 16, 2017 s EMPs and prothrombotic response s EMPs and proinflammatory response s EMPs as angiogenic signals EMPs in CHRDs – EMPs and coronary artery disease (CAD) – EMPs and ACS – EMPs and myocardial infarction (MI) – EMPs and congestive heart failure (CHF) – EMPs and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) – EMPs and acute stroke (AS) – EMPs and organ transplantation Conclusions AbstractCirculatory hypoxia-related diseases (CHRDs), including acute coronary syndromes, stroke and organ transplantation, attract increased attention due to high morbidity and mortality
Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd and Foundation for Cellular and Molecular Medicine
Morel et al found that CD105+ EMP levels are significantly higher in occluded coronary artery specimens than in peripheral blood samples, with restoration of the epicardial blood flow leading to significantly reduced CD105+ EMP levels; these findings suggest that CD105+ EMPs are elevated in angiographic lesions and correlated with coronary endothelial damage [70]
Summary
Hypoxia is the lack of oxygen supply to the tissues, resulting in abnormal cell metabolism and function, as well as morphological. Chiva-Blanch et al found that CD146+/AV+ EMP and CD62E+ EMP levels are significantly higher in AIS patients than high cardiovascular risk controls [81] These findings suggest that different EMPs may have distinct biological significances in the pathogenesis of cerebral atherosclerosis, with different diagnostic values. The levels of EMPs in posttransplantation patients administered cyclosporine and azathioprine immunosuppressive treatment were shown to be significantly lower than those receiving tacrolimus and mycophenolate immunosuppressive treatment These findings suggest that renal transplant-related injuries induced release of EMPs is an important mechanism by which systemic insults trigger intravascular complement activation and complement-dependent renal diseases [86]. Circulating EMP amounts change with positive and negative peritubular capillary C4d staining on kidney allograft biopsy, again indicating that circulating EMPs constitute a good biomarker for reflecting EC injury in various diseases [87]
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