Endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular risk profile in long-term withdrawing alcoholics

Abstract

Rates of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are greater in heavy alcoholics than in either teetotallers or light-to-moderate drinkers. On the assumption that factors leading to atherosclerotic damage remain operative even after long-term alcohol withdrawal, we studied the possible mechanisms of raised cardiovascular risk in former heavy alcoholics. Forty-two apparently disease-free, normotensive alcoholics detoxified for 37.1 +/- 31.9 (SD) months, median 24, participated in the study. They were compared with 39 lifetime alcohol-abstaining control subjects, carefully matched for age, sex, body mass index, smoking and dietary habits, physical activity, lipids and fasting glucose. Endothelial function (flow-mediated dilation of brachial artery, high-resolution ultrasound technique), blood pressure, and some parameters of endothelial activation, oxidative stress, vascular inflammation and insulin sensitivity were measured. The maximal percentage of flow-mediated dilatation was reduced in detoxified alcoholics (10.1 +/- 4.6 versus 14.9 +/- 7.4, P < 0.001) who also showed significantly higher blood pressure (systolic 127.5 +/- 12.9 versus 118.2 +/- 10.7 mmHg, P < 0.001; diastolic 79.4 +/- 7.1 versus 74.6 +/- 6.4 mmHg, P < 0.01; mean 95.4 +/- 8.2 versus 89.1 +/- 7.3 mmHg, P < 0.001), uric acid (5.0 +/- 1.1 versus 4.4 +/- 0.8 mg/dl, P < 0.05), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (2.1 +/- 2.0 versus 1.0 +/- 0.9 mg/l, P < 0.01), endothelin-1 (0.38 +/- 0.11 versus 0.17 +/- 0.10 pg/ml, P < 0.001) and fasting insulin (10.4 +/- 4.5 versus 5.6 +/- 1.6 muU/ml, P < 0.001) with abnormal homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance (2.3 +/- 1.1 versus 1.2 +/- 0.4, P < 0.001). Previous heavy alcoholism, in spite of long-term withdrawal, is associated with endothelial dysfunction and a wide cluster of haemodynamic, vascular and metabolic abnormalities that indicate an unfavourable cardiovascular and metabolic risk profile even in apparently disease-free former alcoholics.