Abstract
Endosulfan is a persistent pesticide that has been in use for more than five decades. During this time, it has contaminated soil, air, and water reservoirs worldwide. It is extremely toxic and harmful to beneficial non-target invertebrates, aquatic life, and even humans upon consumption, which is one of the many dangers of this pesticide since it biomagnifies in the food chain. The effects of three endosulfan concentrations (1, 10, and 100 µg/L) on the freshwater snail Physella acuta, an invasive cosmopolitan species, were examined over a week-long exposure period. Alterations in the expression of ten genes related to stress and xenobiotic detoxification were measured against the endogenous controls rpL10 and GAPDH by Real-Time polymerase chain reaction. Four genes are described here for the first time in this species, namely Hsp60, Grp78, GSTk1, and GSTm1. The rest of genes were Hsp90, sHsp16.6, cyp2u1, cyp3a7, cyp4f22, and MRP1. cyp2u1, sHsp16.6, and Grp78 expression were all altered by endosulfan. These results suggest a low pesticide concentration activates the acute response in P. acuta by affecting detoxification and stress responses and alter endoplasmic reticulum function and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, the newly identified genes extend the number of processes and cellular locations that can be analyzed in this organism.
Highlights
Endosulfan is a persistent pesticide that has been in use for more than five decades
Considering this data, we concluded that the sequences code for P. acuta proteins Glutathione–S–transferase kappa 1 (GSTk1), Glutathione–S–transferase mu 1 (GSTm1), heat shock proteins (Hsps)[60], and Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78)
We analyzed the cellular response of the snail P. acuta and observed that stress response and detoxification mechanisms are activated during short-term exposure to low endosulfan levels
Summary
Endosulfan is a persistent pesticide that has been in use for more than five decades. Endosulfan, known as Thiodan or Thionex, is a polychlorinated compound used as a pesticide or acaricide It has been in use since the 1950s in China, the European Union, Australia, Mexico, the United States, and India[1] for crops including maize, soybeans, tomatoes, and cotton[2]. Its ability to be maintained under laboratory conditions, and its differential sensitivity to respond to toxicants, it could be a good model organism for aquatic toxicity testing as we have shown previously[20,21,22,23] We selected this species to analyze the impact of endosulfan on messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in gastropods. Myriad enzymes play a role in phase II, such as sulfotransferases, methyltransferases, and acetyltransferases[27], but the best known are the glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) They aid in the degradation or excretion of certain toxic substances[28].
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