Endoscopic Features According to Helicobacter pylori Infection Status

Abstract

It is important to evaluate Helicobacter pylori (<i>H. pylori</i>) infection based on endoscopic results because numerous studies have shown a link between <i>H. pylori</i> infection and upper gastrointestinal conditions, such as gastric cancer. The association between <i>H. pylori</i> infection and gastritis is fully described in the Kyoto classification of gastritis. Typical endoscopic findings in the absence of <i>H. pylori</i> infection are a regular arrangement of collecting venules, fundic gland polyps, red streaks, and other similar features. By contrast, typical endoscopic findings in individuals with active <i>H. pylori</i> infection include diffuse mucosal erythema, atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, inflated or tortuous folds, discharge of sticky mucus, mucosal nodularity, foveolar hyperplastic polyps, and/or xanthomas. Patchy mucosal redness and map-like mucosal redness are typical endoscopic findings in previously infected people. Because of its straightforward application in standard clinical practice, this categorization can reflect the risk of stomach cancer and be useful for both primary care physicians and experienced endoscopists.