Endoscopic examination of the urethra and the urinary bladder in dogs – indications, contraindications and performance technique

Abstract

This paper discusses indications, contraindications, and likely complications following the endoscopic examination of the urethra and the urinary bladder in dogs. In addition, the procedure performance techniques and evaluation of the particular sections of the lower urinary tract are presented as well as the equipment used for the urethrocystoscopy.