Abstract
PurposeThe composition of endophytic communities has been shown to depend on grape genotypes and viticultural managements in leaves, stems, and berries of grape, but there have been relatively few reports exploring fungal endophytes associated with wild grape and foliar age.MethodsThe regions of internally transcribed spacer (ITS) were sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq to determine the diversity of fungal endophytes associated with European grape (Vitis vinifera cv. Red Globe) and Chinese wild grape (Vitis amurensis cv. Shuangyou) in young and mature leaves.ResultsA total of 3 phyla, 23 classes, 51 orders, 97 families, and 150 fungal genera were identified. Young leaves have significantly higher diversity and richness than that in mature leaves in both cultivars. Endophytic fungal diversity was greater in wild grapevines (119 genera) than in cultivated grapevines (81 genera) in both young and mature leaves. Endophytic fungal community structure was also significantly different between young leaves and mature leaves as well as in both cultivars based on statistical tests of ANOSIM and MRPP.ConclusionsOur results suggest that endophytic fungal communities were strongly affected by foliar age and domestication, which are crucial factors in establishing symbiotic associations with a selective enrichment for specific endophytes.
Highlights
Endophytes are organisms living within plant tissues and often provide beneficial effects to their hosts, without causing any disease symptoms
General characterization of endophytic fungal community After quality filtering, a total of 727,074 reads of the original 775,440 reads were obtained with an average length of 238.7 bp (Table S1)
Ascomycota has several taxonomic orders, such as Eurotiales (12.89% operational taxonomic units (OTUs)), Capnodiales (8.15% OTUs), Hypocreales (7.89% OTUs), and Pleosporales (7.89% OTUs), which represented the majority of OTUs; Agaricales (3.15% OTUs), Malasseziales (3.15% OTUs), Sporidiobolales (3.15% OTUs), and Polyporales (2.63% OTUs) were the most abundant order in the Basidiomycota
Summary
Endophytes are organisms living within plant tissues and often provide beneficial effects to their hosts, without causing any disease symptoms. Most the studies that investigated the diversity of endophytic fungal communities in grapevines mainly focused on Vitis vinifera cultivars (Casieri et al 2009; González and Tello 2011; Martini et al 2009; Pancher et al 2012), whereas comparisons of endophytic communities between cultivars and Chinese wild grape are scant. The elucidation of endophytic fungal species diversity between cultivars and wild grape genotypes of grapevine will help us understand the domestication and host specificity, as well as distribution, frequency, and beneficial effects of endophytes
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