Endometriosis of the perianal region – epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment

Abstract

Endometriosis is the presence of the uterine endometrium beyond the uterus. The disease usually affects women of childbearing age. Foci of endometriosis are mostly (in 95% of cases) located in the peritoneal cavity (cervix uteri, vaginal vault, vulva, urinary bladder, inguinofemoral region) and only rarely found beyond it. Occasionally, endometriosis is found in the perineal tissues, usually in the episiotomy scar, and, exceptionally rarely, in the anorectal region. Endometriosis usually develops in the period of hormonal activity. The disease may be asymptomatic or manifest with dyspareunia, pelvic pain syndrome, fertility problems, menstrual disorders and heavy menstruation. The diagnosis of anorectal endometriosis is established through a thorough interview and additional tests, including transrectal and transvaginal ultrasound or optionally magnetic resonance imaging. The final diagnosis is determined in a histopathological examination, usually of samples collected intraoperatively. Also, an endoscopic examination should be performed (at least rectoscopy) to rule out other pathological lesions. Treatment includes pharmacotherapy and surgery. In young patients, in the period of hormonal activity, extensive resection with primary sphincter reconstruction seems to be the most optimal option. In older patients, nearing menopause, conservative treatment is a better solution as endometriosis regresses and disease symptoms subside after menopause. In these cases, conservative treatment helps avoid iatrogenic sphincter injury and faecal incontinence.