Endogenous versus exogenous shocks in systems with memory

This paper studies the impact of exogenous and endogenous shocks (exogenous shock is used interchangeably with external shock; endogenous shock is used interchangeably with domestic shock) on output fluctuations in post-communist countries during the 2000s. The first part presents the analytical framework and formulates a research hypothesis. The second part presents vector autoregressive estimation and analysis model proposed by Pesaran (2004) and Pesaran and Smith (2006) that relates bank real lending, the cyclical component of output and spreads and accounts for cross-sectional dependence (CD) across the countries. Impulse response functions show that exogenous positive shock lead to a drop in output sustainability for 9 over 12 Central Eastern European countries and Russia, when the endogenous shock is mild and ambiguous. Moreover, the effect of exogenous shock is more significant during the crises. Variance decompositions show that exogenous shock in the aftermath of crisis had a substantial impact on economic activity of emerging economies.

Background: Obturator nerve entrapment can result from endogenous and exogenous causes. Due to its long course, which includes both endopelvic and exopelvic segments, the nerve is susceptible to irritation from multiple etiologies. However, as obturator nerve entrapment is relatively uncommon, a thorough understanding of endogenous factors contributing to nerve entrapment is lacking. Nevertheless, understanding the endogenous factors contributing to obturator nerve entrapment is crucial for an effective treatment approach. Material and Methods: We performed a systematic literature search on studies investigating the diagnostic and (surgical) therapeutic approaches to obturator neuropathy due to endogenous causes. Studies were grouped according to the etiology responsible for nerve irritation. Lastly, data were synthesized to create a clinical work-up flowchart for obturator nerve entrapment syndromes due to endogenous causes. Results: Data from 45 studies comprising 175 patients met our inclusion criteria. We were able to summarize these data into six broad etiologies (tumor, obturator hernia, endometriosis, cystic lesions, vascular, and idiopathic causes) responsible for nerve irritation and saw that the most important factors for therapy are the onset of the symptoms and the anatomical localization. MRI emerged as the most valuable diagnostic tool for chronic conditions, especially in identifying the precise etiology and location of nerve compression. Conclusions: This review offers a structured framework for diagnosing and managing obturator nerve entrapment due to endogenous causes. We propose a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm based on the identified etiologies to facilitate clinical decision-making.

This article examines the association between race and infant mortality in the U.S....A framework is developed that delineates sociodemographic and proximate factors thought to be instrumental in the association between infant mortality and race....Descriptive analysis illustrates that the racial gap in infant mortality is nearly identical for endogenous and exogenous causes of death with the overall rate of infant mortality among African Americans about 2.2 times higher than that for non-Hispanic white Americans. Logistic regression analysis confirms that each set of variables is instrumental in explaining the racial mortality gap with sociodemographic factors more relevant for differences in exogenous causes and maternal health and health care factors more relevant to the gap in endogenous causes. (EXCERPT)

La conducta caníbal es común en los peces y se le considera una de las principales causas de mortalidad en la larvicultura. Esta conducta se define como un tipo especial de predación que consiste en matar a un coespecífico para consumirlo parcial o totalmente. El canibalismo ha sido clasificado en siete tipos dependiendo del estado de desarrollo de la presa, parentesco caníbal-presa y la relación de edad entre caníbal y presa. En la larvicultura el tipo de canibalismo es intracohorte o intercohorte. Además, se discuten las principales causas endógenas y exógenas que estimulan la ocurrencia del canibalismo en la naturaleza. Entre las causas endógenas se resalta la piscivoría, el cuidado parental y las diferencias de tamaño. Entre las causas exógenas se resalta la disponilidad de alimento y la densidad poblacional. Esta revisión presenta un listado de 55 especies de peces con potencialidad e importancia en la piscicultura que registran canibalismo durante la larvicultura. Como el canibalismo es una conducta adaptativa en condiciones de escasez de alimento, en la larvicultura su principal causa está asociada a la disponibilidad del alimento. Al final de la revisión se ofrecen recomendaciones para su control en la larvicultura.

For this special issue, the article aims at discussing a few econophysics problems studied so far rather successfully. The following ‘applications’ in micro-econophysics are considered: (i) financial crashes; it is emphasized that one can distinguish between endogenous and exogenous causes; (ii) portofolio control, selection and inherent risk measure; (iii) foreign currency exchanges, also distinguishing endogenous and exogenous money control; (iv) price and asset evolution values. It is shown that some macro-econo-physics problems have been also tackled, like geographic/ political constraints, the globalization of the economy and country clustering. Moreover, it is daring to suggest prospect for studies and researches, whence presenting some selection of a few interesting perspectives.

The manageability of the hair is dependent on the surface composition of the hair shaft. Exogenously caused damage leads to unmanageability by massive superficial defects in the hair cuticle. The symptoms of trichorrhexis nodosa and trichoptilosis are present, and superficial horny scales are bent up and curve under in tunnel-like fashions. Appropriate hair care can improve these defects. Endogenous damage to the hair leading to unmanageability is characterized by spiral furrows along the shaft. It can not usually be improved by the use of care products. The examples presented in the paper demonstrate that exogenous and endogenous causes of unmanageability are characterized by different alterations in the hair shaft.

This paper examines the structure of the labour market and unemployment in Sudan. One advantage of our analysis in this paper is that we explain several stylized facts on labour market using new secondary data on population, employment and unemployment based on Sudan Central Bureau of Statistics (2010) the Fifth Sudan Population and Housing Census (2008). An interesting element in our analysis is that we explain several stylized facts on the relation between structure of the labour market and demographic structure, labour force, participation rates, economic activities, low skill level and high unemployment rate defined by gender, mode of living and main geographic areas in Sudan. Different from the findings in the empirical literature in support of the Phillips curve on the negative correlation between inflation and unemployment rates, we find positive and significant correlation between unemployment and inflation rates in Sudan during the period (2000-2008). Moreover, different from the analysis in the Sudanese literature we present a more comprehensive analysis of four stylized facts on the unemployment problem in Sudan, these include distinction of several types of unemployment; interpretation of unemployment problem from two different endogenous and exogenous perspectives due to endogenous and exogenous causes; analysis of high incidence of unemployment among youth population and high mismatch between educational qualifications -supply- and labour market requirements- demand. The major policy implication from our findings indicate that since unemployment problem is related to these endogenous and exogenous causes, therefore, policies intervention for reducing unemployment should deal with these endogenous and exogenous causes. Notably, improvement of job creation and quality of educational policies and consistency between educational qualifications (output) and labour market requirements. Another major policy implication from our result on the significant positive correlation between increase in unemployment and inflation rates (2000-2008), implies that macroeconomic policies aimed at or targeting reducing inflation rates would also contribute to reduce unemployment rates in Sudan.

The endogenous/exogenous distinction was maintained in the original paper because the focus was to determine the accuracy of neonatal and postneonatal mortality rates as proxies of endogenous and exogenous causes of death. The results suggest that endogenous and exogenous mortality rates are more accurate and impart more information that neonatal and postneonatal mortality rates. Thus the intent was to evaluate the accuracy of neonatal mortality not to develop a new theory of infant mortality. Again medical technology emphasizing curative health care has comparatively little control over many deaths arising from endogenous causes. New technology has saved very-low birthweight neonates sometimes through heroic measures but the question arises as to whether infant deaths are averted or merely prolonged. The effective reduction of infant mortality due to maternal cigarette or alcohol consumption or drug addiction requires preventive intervention before birth or during pregnancy not advanced medical technology after birth. The need exists for a reconceptualization of neonatal mortality but this involves greater development including the use of new data sets perspectives and models. Only recently have individual lifestyles and behaviors (e.g. maternal alcohol and cigarette consumption and drug abuse) been implicated as contributing to infant deaths. New data sets are just becoming available. Nevertheless cause of death codes still are not detailed enough to determine the relative impact of lifestyle factors on death. Thus such complex interrelations are best studied through modelling techniques that incorporate current data to develop new theory.

This paper describes a study about the causes for the dropout of chemistry undergraduate students at UFMG in the nineties. The students' social and economic profile was outlined. It was observed a correlation between family income and academic performance and between failure at the beginning of the course and the dropout, but it seems that family income doesn't affect markedly the dropout. The endogenous and exogenous causes contribute equally for the dropout. The authors suggest that the dropout could be significantly reduced if the endogenous causes such as large classes, inadequate curricula and programmes, poor teaching and the unapproachability on the part of the teachers were faced.

Large shocks in the volatility of the Dow Jones Industrial Average index: 1928–2013

SummaryThe Author reexamines in current terms the old problem of Constitution from the medical viewpoint. Modern medicine, over the last 100 years, has mainly stopped to consider the importance of the diseases’ imprint of the phenotype as well as the diseases’ exogenous causes; today it is specially called upon to focus its attention on the deseases’ endogenous causes and on the individual’s morbid destiny. Constitutionally minded medical schools have surveyed this field from the morphological, functional and neuroendocrinological viewpoints, but with little practical result. Only by basing Constitution studies on the laws of Genetics will it be possible to solve the important problem from the clinical point of view.

The poverty problem is related to various variables. Generally, the cause of the poverty problem is divided into two, which are exogenous cause and endogenous cause. Based on the endogenous cause, poverty is divided into three. First, structural poverty, which is poverty that caused by the existence of policy, regulation, and the institutional that obstruct the productivity and mobility of the society. Second, cultural poverty, a poverty which is caused by behaviors and values which are applied by the society so they productivity is low. These are the reaction and adaptation upon their marginal position in social stratification. Third, natural poverty caused by the inadequate natural condition, such as the lack natural resources or the disadvantage of geographical condition. Meanwhile, for the endogenous cause, the poverty is caused by the weakness and physical flaws (physical defect or old age), the low the human resources quality (the low of education quality, health, skill, and competence), and the weak of individual character (fatalistic, apathetic, depending, helplessness, low self-esteem, easily discouraged, uncreative and not innovative, etc.). Although it can be differentiate, both the three of them are related and influential.

Data presented in this brief note show that one of the consequences of recent gains in the control of neonatal mortality has been an increase in the frequency of endogenous causes of death in the postneonatal period. Several conclusions are readily apparent from the data presented here. 1st, with respect to total infant mortality, the vast majority of the deaths under 1 year of age today are caused by the endogenous conditions that are most closely associated with the physiological processes of gestation and births. 2nd, both the exogenous and endogenous cause-specific death rates are inversely associated with family income status. The strength of the relationship, as measured by the difference between the death rates of the highest and lowest income areas, is much greater for the environmentally related exogenous causes. Further, there is an obvious tendency for the exogenous causes to account for an increasing proportion of total deaths as income status decreases. While these data support research findings that challenge the validity of the traditional age/cause of death proxy relationship in infancy, they suggest that recommendations for enhancing the neonatal/endogenous relationship by shortening the neonatal period may be premature.

Effects of robotic-locomotor training on stretch reflex function and muscular properties in individuals with spinal cord injury

Introduction: Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (E-CPR) is an emerging resuscitative therapy for patients with refractory cardiac arrests with various underlying conditions. However, hemorrhagic complications remain a significant challenge, adversely affecting patient outcomes. Research Questions: Risks and predictors of hemorrhagic complications in E-CPR patients may differ based on the causes of cardiac arrest. Aims: To compare the risks and predictors of hemorrhagic complications among the groups with different causes of cardiac arrest in patients undergoing E-CPR. Methods: The SAVE-J 2 registry is a multicenter registry of patients who underwent E-CPR for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) from 2013 to 2018. The patients were stratified into three groups based on the underlying causes of OHCA: endogenous cardiac, endogenous non-cardiac, and exogenous. The primary outcome was any bleeding, whereas the secondary outcomes included bleeding at cannulation sites and non-cannulation site bleeding. Pre-specified covariates were evaluated using the Cox proportional hazards model to identify the independent risk factors for bleeding. Results: Of the 2,070 patients who underwent E-CPR, 1,498 had endogenous cardiac causes, 344 had endogenous non-cardiac causes, and 228 had exogenous causes. The median follow-up among survivors was 35 days (interquartile range [IQR]: 21-55 days). Most of the bleeding events occurred within a week after E-CPR (median two days, [IQR: 1-8 days]). The 30-day cumulative incidence of any bleeding was significantly different among the three groups (endogenous-cardiac: 342 [26.1%]; endogenous-noncardiac: 47 [18.9%] and exogenous: 31 [15.1%], P<0.001). There was also significant difference among the three groups regarding puncture-related bleeding and non-puncture site bleeding (Figure). Multivariable analysis suggested that the potential risk-estimating variables for bleeding were different among the three groups. Conclusions: Hemorrhagic complication risks and predictors vary depending on causes of cardiac arrest in E-CPR patients. These findings highlight the need for individualized management strategies to mitigate bleeding risks and improve outcomes.