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Abstract
This study was carried out to determine the effect of different growth periods and possible role of gibberellins GAs and abscisic acid ABA metabolites the alternate bearing of the pistachio Pistacia vera L. . For this purpose, the levels of GAs and ABA in the panicles and nuts of the trees during flower bud abscission and embryo development were analyzed in the crop on year. The results showed significant differences and changes in ABA and GAs among the tissues and periods investigated. Dihydrophaseic acid DPA and GA19 were the dominant ABA and GAs in the pistachio concentrates analyzed in this work, respectively. The nut samples had higher values for almost all ABA metabolites and GAs than panicles. The ABA content of the panicles and nuts increased rapidly during flower development 35 DAFB prior to flower bud abscission while the initial decrease in the ABA content remained constant at a relatively low level at the end of June intense flower bud abscission , with the minimum levels being obtained during embryo development stage 65 DAFB . However, day 65 after full flowering, GA19 and GA44 were found to have increased. The plant growth regulator profiles of the pistachio showed delayed spikes in GA and ABA groups indicating that there is a hormone requirement during flower bud abscission and embryo development in pistachio. As a results, GA and ABA metabolites produced in different organs play an important role in the control of pistachios during embryo development and
Highlights
Turkey is one of the most important fruit producers in the world and the country has great diversity in the number of fruits grown, and an astonishing quantity of total produce, about 18 million tons
Dihydrophaseic acid (DPA), abscisic acid (ABA) (194.76– 1449.41 ng g–1) and PA (97.84–1952.49 ng g–1) levels were high in the early stages of full blooming (35 DAFB) and decreased at the end of June and minimum levels 65 days after full blooming, followed by neophaseic acid and t-ABA levels with similar changes. (Table 2)
To this knowledge, this is the first study that detected ABA metabolites and GAs detected in different tissue samples obtained from pistachio during different growth periods
Summary
Turkey is one of the most important fruit producers in the world and the country has great diversity in the number of fruits grown, and an astonishing quantity of total produce, about 18 million tons. Alternate bearing is a major economic problem in pistachio fruit production in the horticultural world. Pistachio-producing countries in the world are generally located in the Northern Hemisphere. Among these countries, Iran, the United States, and Turkey are important in terms of their share in the total volume of production. In contrast to other crop species, alternate bearing in pistachios, which occurs with the emergence of inflorescence buds in the abundant year, produces the year’s crop. Some authors have already reported that this is the main reason for alternate bearing, which is the growth period, the embryo development slows after rapidly growing from the last week of June through July. Alternate bearing has been associated with genetic factors (Esmaeilpour and Khezri, 2006; Shalom et al, 2012), environmental and physiological factors, cultural management, (Mirsoleimaniet al., 2014), carbohydrates (Baninasab and Rahemi, 2006; Span et al, 2008), plant nutrients (Rosecrane et al, 1998; Vemmos, 2010), and
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