Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, with high medical costs and rates of disability. It is therefore important to evaluate the use of cardiovascular biomarkers in the early diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD). We have screened a variety of recently identified bioactive peptides candidates in anticipation that they would allow detection of atherosclerotic CAD. Especially, we have focused on novel anti-atherogenic peptides as indicators and negative risk factors for CAD. In vitro, in vivo and clinical studies indicated that human adiponectin, heregulin-β1, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and salusin-α, peptides of 244, 71, 30, and 28 amino acids, respectively, attenuate the development and progression of atherosclerotic lesions by suppressing macrophage foam cell formation via down-regulation of acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase-1. Circulating levels of these peptides in the blood are significantly decreased in patients with CAD compared to patients without CAD. Receiver operating characteristic analyses showed that salusin-α is a more useful biomarker, with better sensitivity and specificity, compared with the others for detecting CAD. Therefore, salusin-α, heregulin-β1, adiponectin, and/or GLP-1, alone or in various combinations, may be useful as biomarkers for atherosclerotic CAD.
Highlights
Over the past two decades, biomarkers have become increasingly utilized to improve overall patient care [1]
We have focused on novel anti-atherogenic peptides; adiponectin, an adipocytokine [10], heregulin-β1, a neuron growth factor [9], glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an incretin hormone [11], and salusin-α, a peptide recently identified by an in silico approach [8]
This review focuses on the protective roles of adiponectin, heregulin-β1, GLP-1, and salusin-α in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and their emerging roles for biomarkers and therapeutic targets for coronary artery disease (CAD)
Summary
Over the past two decades, biomarkers have become increasingly utilized to improve overall patient care [1]. Potential biomarkers have been extensively evaluated in the field of cardiovascular medicine as well as oncology [1]. Classical risk factors, such as lipids and glucose, have been well-established in coronary artery disease (CAD), while four additional markers have sufficient evidence of clinical utility to be recommended for regular clinical use: (1) cardiac troponin I and T; (2) B-type natriuretic peptides; (3) D-dimer; and (4) C-reactive protein (CRP) [1]. This review focuses on the protective roles of adiponectin, heregulin-β1, GLP-1, and salusin-α in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and their emerging roles for biomarkers and therapeutic targets for CAD
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