Abstract
Background: Infective endocarditis (IE) is a severe cardiac condition primarily caused by various pathogens, including bacteria and fungi, that invade the bloodstream and affect heart valves. Historically linked to rheumatic fever, the epidemiology of IE has evolved, with healthcare-associated infective endocarditis (HCAIE) now representing a significant portion of cases due to increased use of intravenous devices. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, mortality rates remain high, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive understanding of IE. Aim: This article aims to evaluate the epidemiological trends of IE, discuss the latest diagnostic and management guidelines, and explore future directions to improve treatment outcomes. Methods: A thorough review of recent literature, epidemiological data, and current guidelines related to IE was conducted, analyzing global trends, causative agents, risk factors, and changing prevention strategies. Results: The incidence of IE has increased significantly, from 478,000 cases in 1990 to over 1 million in 2019, with a corresponding rise in mortality. Staphylococcus aureus has emerged as the leading pathogen, particularly in healthcare settings, while the epidemiology varies across regions, especially in developing countries. Conclusion: The multifaceted nature of IE requires a multidisciplinary approach for effective management.
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