Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is considered to be an early change in atherosclerosis. Endocan, also known as endothelial cell specific molecule-1, is a soluble proteoglycan mainly secreted by endothelial cells. Inflammatory factors such as IL-1β and TNF-α can up regulate the expression of endocan and then affect the expression of cell adhesion molecules, such as ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, which play an important role in promoting leukocyte migration and inflammatory response. Elevated plasma levels of endocan may reflect endothelial activation and dysfunction, and is considered to be a potential immuno-inflammatory marker that may be related to cardiovascular disease. In the case of hypertension, diabetes, angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction, the increase or decrease of serum endocan levels is of great significance. Here, we reviewed the current research on endocan, and emphasis its possible clinical value as a prognostic marker of cardiovascular disease. Endocan may be a useful biomarker for the prognosis of cardiovascular disease, but more research is needed on its mechanism of action.
Highlights
Endocan, a soluble dermatan sulfate proteoglycan, is mainly secreted by the activated endothelium and expressed by lung and kidney endothelial cells
Endoocan is a new biomarker of endothelial dysfunction with great potential for therapeutic intervention, and a new inflammatory marker for patients with atherosclerosis
There are some differences in the current research results, which may be related to the selected population and sample size of the study subjects, but more likely to be due to the complexity of the endocan structure
Summary
A soluble dermatan sulfate proteoglycan, is mainly secreted by the activated endothelium and expressed by lung and kidney endothelial cells. Endothelial cells serve as a barrier for mechanical protection, and the center and active part of the two major systems in the body-immune and vascular system [3]. The increased production of ROS and the impairment of NO availability can induce and maintain the inflammatory state of the blood vessel wall. The recruitment of white blood cells and the influx of blood lipids and lipoproteins into the subendothelial space, leading to atherosclerotic plaque formation [6] These properties illustrate its potential role as a biomarker of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. We first described the general structure of endocan, briefly summarized its molecular biological characteristics, and continued to introduce its latest research progress in cardiovascular disease and the specific mechanism
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