Abstract
Abstract We report a new strategy for the design of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), where nanoscale OLEDs are fabricated into a large-area periodic array with their emission propagating along the active layer and being coupled out through the end facets. A large-area template dielectric grating is produced by interference lithography. The OLED devices are then produced on the side walls of the template grating lines, where each device is carried by the back of a grating line and has a width of <300 nm and a height of about 270 nm. The emission is coupled out of the device on the end facet window after a maximum propagation length of shorter than 300 nm through the active layer, reducing largely metallic absorption by the electrodes and overcoming the optical loss by waveguide confinement. Furthermore, such a configuration enables directional concentration of the output emission. The nanoscale OLEDs also imply large potentials for integration into optoelectronic systems.
Highlights
Thin-film organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have multifold advantages over their inorganic counterparts, which is mainly based on the molecular materials and the flexible device performances [1,2,3,4]
We report a new strategy for the design of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), where nanoscale OLEDs are fabricated into a large-area periodic array with their emission propagating along the active layer and being coupled out through the end facets
We report end-emitting OLEDs in nanoscales, which are arranged periodically with controllable orientation angles
Summary
Thin-film organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have multifold advantages over their inorganic counterparts, which is mainly based on the molecular materials and the flexible device performances [1,2,3,4]. Modifying the internal structure of the device is an effective approach This may be achieved by inserting a low-refractive-index or scattering layer between the transparent electrode layer of indium-tin-oxide (ITO) and the substrate to reduce the confinement into the ITO waveguide [18, 19]. The nanoscale metallic electrodes supply strong localized surface plasmons (LSPs) that enhance largely the scattering of light and the output coupling of the device. The controllability of the output direction is dependent on the tilting angle of the device, supplying an easy and flexible configuration to overcome the intrinsically existing problems with the OLEDs. The periodically arranged nanoscale electrodes constitute a plasmonic photonic device.
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