Abstract
To describe the encounters with sexual and gender minority (SGM) youth in healthcare based on the existing research. The development of sexual orientation and gender identity can create challenges in an SGM youth's life, and they may need support from health professionals. Heteronormativity has been recognised as a barrier to the identification of diversity in sexuality and gender, and no previous literature review has studied heteronormativity thoroughly. An integrative review following Whittemore and Knafl was conducted. A literature search was systematically undertaken in six databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, Eric, and Academic Search Premier). Finally, 18 research articles were included. Data were analysed deductively with the theoretical framework from Stevi Jackson's (2006) article to understand the role of heteronormativity in the healthcare of SGM youth. The encounters with SGM youth consisted of two simultaneous themes. Heteronormative care included three elements: (1) the effect of heteronormativity on health professionals' competence to work with SGM youth, (2) false assumptions about SGM youth, and (3) the influence of heteronormativity on encounters with SGM youth. Diversity-affirming care included two elements: (4) the considerateness of health professionals towards SGM youth and (5) inclusive care of SGM youth. This review summarised how SGM youth were encountered in healthcare and how heteronormativity was affecting their healthcare. Furthermore, this review identified elements that supported diversity-affirming care. With diversity-affirming care, SGM youth may access the information and support they need from healthcare. Further research is needed about how diversity-affirming care can be applied to the healthcare of SGM youth and how elements of heteronormative care are occurring globally in the healthcare of SGM youth. The perceptions of transgender and other gender minority youth were under-represented in the studies and research needs to focus more on how they are encountered in healthcare.
Highlights
During adolescence, a period between the ages of 10 and 19 years, young people go through several physical, psychosocial, and sexual maturation changes, including the development of gender identity and sexual orientation (World Health Organization, 2017; World Health Organization, 2018a)
Ginsburg et al (2002) and Hoffman et al (2009) described how some sexual and gender minority (SGM) youth thought these clinics were isolating and labelling from other young people. This integrative review was the first describing the encounters with SGM youth in healthcare based on the existing research
The results of this review showed that SGM youth desired to have access to information related to their health and well-being from open-minded, youth-respecting health professionals (Ginsburg et al, 2002; Hoffman et al, 2009; Rasberry et al, 2015; Arbeit et al, 2016; Snyder et al, 2016)
Summary
A period between the ages of 10 and 19 years, young people go through several physical, psychosocial, and sexual maturation changes, including the development of gender identity and sexual orientation (World Health Organization, 2017; World Health Organization, 2018a). SGM youth may face challenges that are related to their identity (The Lancet, 2011; Bregman et al, 2013). They may face victimisation and bullying (Espelage et al 2008; Huebner et al, 2015; Kosciw et al, 2015), as well as negative attitudes from peers and family (Bregman et al, 2013; Kosciw et al, 2015; Katz-wise et al, 2016; Puckett et al, 2017). Appropriate support requires, for example, professionals’ competency, respectful attitude, and ability to fulfil SGM youths’ rights to information, privacy, confidentiality, and non-discrimination in healthcare (World Health Organization, 2015)
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