Encoding Factors Affecting Context Effects on Memory: Congruency, Attention and Exposure Time

Shiri Schonbach-Medina,Eli Vakil

doi:10.4236/psych.2017.83029

Abstract

The aim of the current study was to examine the effects of three factors on the emergence of context effects (CEs). The basic assumption was that the way Target and Context words are initially encoded affects their impact on recognition CE. The strength of the memory depends on many factors, including the amount of attention allocated to target and context stimuli when memorizing the information and whether the participants were distracted. The interaction and relationships between these different factors were examined in the present study. First is Congruency between target and context words in terms of the gender of the nouns presented. Second is Attention allocated to the stimuli, whether equal attention so that both are considered targets (T-T) or differential attention allocation so that one is the target and the other is context (T-C). Third is Exposure time of 300 vs. 3000 msec. We hypothesized that CE would be stronger under the T-T vs. T-C attention condition, congruent vs. incongruent learning conditions and short vs. long exposure time. One-hundred and fifteen individuals participated in this study. They were randomly assigned to one of the two Exposure time conditions. Half of the word-pairs were congruent and half were incongruent. Short exposure time in the Congruent T-T condition was associated with CE in terms of hit rates, but not false alarms, with no CE in the incongruent pairs. As predicted, lengthening exposure time reduced CE in terms of hit rates, and congruent relations were associated with greater CE in terms of false alarms, with no influence of encoding type.

Highlights

Superior recall or recognition of consistent versus changing context between learning and test phases is referred to as Context Effect (CE) (Memon & Bruce, 1985; Vakil, Raz, & Levy, 2007)
The present study focused on how Target and Context words are encoded and predicted that these encoding conditions would affect recognition CE
A 2 × 2 × 2 mixed design ANOVA with repeated measures was conducted in order to examine the effect of three variables on recognition: Attention (T-C condition vs. T-T condition), Congruency of pairs and Context type

Summary

Introduction

Superior recall or recognition of consistent versus changing context between learning and test phases is referred to as Context Effect (CE) (Memon & Bruce, 1985; Vakil, Raz, & Levy, 2007). The encoding specificity principle provides a framework for understanding how the conditions while encoding information are related to retrieval of that information (Tulving & Thomson, 1973). According to this principle, CE upon recall is most effective when the conditions at the time of encoding match the conditions at the time of retrieval. CE upon recall is most effective when the conditions at the time of encoding match the conditions at the time of retrieval These conditions may refer to the context in which the information was encoded, the physical location, the surroundings, or the participant’s state at the time of encoding. Several studies have attempted to identify the factors that mediate emergence of CE in recognition (e.g., Bloch & Vakil, 2016; Smith & Vela, 2001)

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