Abstract
This article focuses on the specificity of present enclave structures in rural areas that were created decades ago as a result of decisions to establish housing estates for employees, and which acquired negative features as a result of the liquidation of the monopolistic employer. An attempt has been made to answer if workers' housing complexes can turn into permanent enclaves of isolation and neglect after the liquidation of a monopolistic workplace, especially if they are located in rural areas? The aim of the paper is to picture the process of social exclusion emergence in the rural areas, which results from the still unresolved socio-economic problem of the existence of such enclaves of isolation and neglect in Polish rural areas in the 21st century. Despite almost 30 years passing, the areas with spatially and socially isolated settlements have very high unemployment rates, a low level of technical and social infrastructure and a widespread sense of injustice among the people who live there. The empirical basis for the analysis was four cases. The presented stories took place against the historical background of the Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodship and the socio-economic background. Studies were conducted in the selected villages with a free-form interview and photographic documentation was prepared. In the result, a close picture of the enclaves was drawn. The examples presented in this article proved that workers' settlements, located around large economic entities distant from existing settlement networks can develop into enclaves of isolation and neglect.
Highlights
In social terms, enclave structures are regarded as an integral part of the transformation and globalism, and the phenomenon of people enclosing themselves in various social enclaves is one of the natural defensive mechanisms and ways of adapting to an uncertain and complex world [1].Enclaves, like isolated islands, are often a place of a liberating escape from the hardships of the outer world for their inhabitants
There are distinct enclaves, such as fenced housing estates inhabited by people with relatively higher incomes [3,4,5] and immigrants who live in homogeneous ethnic estates, e.g., in communes near Shanghai or Warsaw [6,7]
In this paper an attempt has been made to answer the research question: Can workers’ housing complexes turn into permanent enclaves of isolation and neglect after the liquidation of a monopolistic workplace, especially if they are located in the rural areas? This paper focuses on the specificity of enclaves created many years ago as a result of decisions to establish housing estates for SOF employees, and which acquired negative features as a result of the liquidation of the farm, which for forty years had been a monopolist on the local labour market
Summary
Like isolated islands, are often a place of a liberating escape from the hardships of the outer world for their inhabitants. They can become areas of rejection or even stigmatisation. Enclaves can be established at a grassroots initiative, i.e. by their inhabitants In such cases, they are created in order to satisfy socially distinct needs. They are created in order to satisfy socially distinct needs They are inhabited by artists and social activists (e.g., ‘Christiania’ in Copenhagen, ‘Otwarty Jazdów’ in Warsaw) or followers of radical religions or different lifestyles (e.g., ReGen Villages). There are enclaves created as a result of decisions of authorities and often in
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