Abstract
Currently, the therapeutic strategy against metabolic syndrome and its complications is required due to the increasing prevalence and its impact. Due to the benefits of both mulberry fruit extract and encapsulation technology, we hypothesized that encapsulated mulberry fruit extract (MME) could improve metabolic parameters and its complication risk in postmenopausal metabolic syndrome. To test this hypothesis, female Wistar rats were induced experimental menopause with metabolic syndrome by bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) and high-carbohydrate high-fat (HCHF) diet. Then, they were orally given MME at doses of 10, 50, and 250 mg/kg BW for 8 weeks and the parameters, such as percentage of body weight gain, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C, atherogenic index, fasting blood glucose, plasma glucose area under the curve, serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), oxidative stress status, histology, and protein expression of PPAR-γ, TNF-α, and NF-κB in adipose tissues were determined. MME improved body weight gain, adiposity index, glucose intolerance, lipid profiles, atherogenic index, ACE, oxidative stress status, and protein expression of TNF-α and NF-κB. Moreover, MME attenuated adipocyte hypertrophy and enhanced PPAR-γ expression. Taken altogether, MME decreased metabolic syndrome and its complication via the increased PPAR-γ expression. Therefore, MME is the potential candidate for improving metabolic syndrome and its related complications. However, further research in clinical trial is still necessary.
Highlights
Metabolic syndrome (MetS), one of the important noncommunicating diseases (NCDs), is continually increasing
It was found that the microencapsulated mulberry fruit extract (MME) at 200 milligrams contained 293 62 ± 4 90 μg cyanidin 3-glucoside, 9 08 ± 0 09 μg gallic acid, and 243 51 ± 5 88 μg quercetin-3O-rutinoside, whereas the mulberry fruit extract at 200 milligram contained 253 04 ± 3 92 μg cyanidin-3-glucoside, 10 81 ± 0 29 μg gallic acid, and 265 84 ± 17 66 μg quercetin3-O-rutinoside
Regarding the suppression effects of the important enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism, including α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and aldose reductase, it was found that EC50 values of MME were 0 28 ± 0 002, 0 57 ± 0 04, and 0 14 ± 0 02 mg/ml, respectively, whereas those in mulberry fruit extract were 0 30 ± 0 13, 0 62 ± 0 06, and 0 35 ± 0 05 mg/ml
Summary
Metabolic syndrome (MetS), one of the important noncommunicating diseases (NCDs), is continually increasing. It has been reported that the global prevalence of MetS in female is higher than that in male. It has been reported that the prevalence of MetS in male and female are around 23% and 29%, respectively [1]. This prevalence is elevated in postmenopausal women [2, 3]. Even though the increasing rate of metabolic syndrome is alarming its importance to the world, the current therapeutic efficacy is still limited [6,7,8]. A novel protective strategy against MetS that is cheap and easy to approach is required
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
