Enantiomer Resolution by Pressure Increase: Inferences from Experimental and Topological Results for the Binary Enantiomer System (R)- and (S)-Mandelic Acid

Abstract

In pharmacy, racemic compounds are often problematic, because generally only one of the enantiomers possesses therapeutic activity and it is often difficult to separate them. Even though this problem is likely as old as the pharmaceutical industry, one thermodynamically obvious way of separating racemic crystals has never been studied experimentally, which is by using pressure. Data have been obtained on the equilibria of the (R)- and (S)-mandelic acid system as a function of pressure and temperature. With the use of thermodynamic arguments including the Clapeyron, Schröder, and Prigogine-Defay equations, it has been demonstrated that the conglomerate (crystals of separated enantiomers) becomes more stable than the racemic compound at approximately 0.64 GPa and 460 K. Even though this pressure is still higher than at the bottom of the Mariana Trench, there are no technical obstacles to produce such conditions, making pressure a viable option for separating enantiomers.