Enamel Surface Remineralization Effect by Fluorinated Graphite and Bioactive Glass-Containing Orthodontic Bonding Resin.

Hyung-Jin Nam,Bong-Soo Park,Yong Hoon Kwon,You-Min Kim,Yong-Il Kim,Woo-Sung Son,In-Ryoung Kim,Seung-Min Lee

doi:10.3390/ma12081308

Hyung-Jin Nam, Bong-Soo Park + Show 6 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12081308

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Abstract

All orthodontic appliances are potentially cariogenic. The plaque around the orthodontic appliance can make demineralization on tooth surface causing white spot lesion (WSL). The most effective method to prevent WSL is Fluoride appliance and gargling, but this requires patient cooperation, which consumes additional treatment time and cost. As suggested in this study, biomaterials like bioactive glass and fluorinated graphite (FGt) having antibacterial and anti-demineralization ability effective and easy to use in the clinic. To clinically use orthodontic bonding resins containing Graphite Fluoride BAG (FGtBAG), its properties, biological stability, antimicrobial activity, and remineralization effect must be verified. BAG was mixed with 2.5% FGt containing 51 to 61% fluorine. This mixture was mixed with the CharmFill Flow (CF) in the ratios of 1, 3, and 5 wt%. Microhardness and shear bond strength tests were performed to evaluate its mechanical properties. MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetra) assay was performed for evaluating its safety. Streptococcus mutans, which is major cariogen by producing lactic acid, was evaluated for antibacterial ability of reducing WSL. In addition, x-ray images were obtained by CBCT (Cone beam computed tomography) after a pH cycle. The remineralization effect was verified in vivo and by Image J. FGtBAG did not differ significantly from CF in mechanical tests. The MTT assay found no significant differences between the groups. The antibacterial activity of FGtBAG at 24 h and 48 h was significantly higher than that of CF. The fluoride release rate tended to increase with the FGtBAG content. The pH cycle results showed that FGtBAG had higher concentration-dependent remineralization effect than CF. The results of this study suggests that orthodontic resins containing FGtBAG can prevent WSL owing to their antibacterial activity and remineralization effect.

Highlights

White spot lesions (WSLs) often damage the aesthetics outcome on orthodontic patients
This study examines the clinical applicability of a biomaterial produced by mixing fluorinated graphite (FGt) and bioactive glass (BAG) as an orthodontic bonding resin with antibacterial activity and remineralization effect
The same plate structure as shown in the SEM of the FGt could be Generally, polygonal particles seen in the bioactive glass were observed in the SEM of the synthesized BAG and FGtBAG

Summary

Introduction

White spot lesions (WSLs) often damage the aesthetics outcome on orthodontic patients. The demineralization by WSL induce the chalky and white surface on the enamel surface [1]. WSLs often occur on the upper anterior teeth, where they affect the aesthetics and may progress to caries [2]. While some microorganisms have a positive effect on the host, there are bacteria threaten health care such as caries, gingivitis and periodontitis [4]. Bacteria are a major cause of the negative effects associated with teeth. Bacteria that cause cavities on the tooth surface are as follows. The bacteria such as non-mutans streptococci, Streptococcus sanguinis, Actinomyces is on the sound surface. The main cause of the demineralization at the WSL is bacteria such as

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