Abstract
Recent advances in nanotechnology, including modern enabling techniques that can improve synthetic preparation and drug formulations, have opened up new frontiers in nanomedicine with the development of nanoscale carriers and assemblies. The use of delivery platforms has attracted attention over the past decade as researchers shift their focus away from the development of new drug candidates, and toward new means with which to deliver therapeutic and/or diagnostic agents. This work will explore a transdisciplinary approach for the production of a number of nanomaterials, nanocomplexes and nanobubbles and their application in a variety of potential biological and theranostic protocols. Particular attention will be paid to nanobubbles, stimuli responsive nanoparticles and cyclodextrin grafted nanosystems produced under non-conventional conditions, such as microwave and ultrasound irradiation. Besides nanoparticles preparation, ultrasound can also act as an enabling technology when activating sensitive nanobubbles and nanoparticles.
Highlights
Nanosystems that are responsive to internal stimuliOne typical example of internal-stimuli responsive nanosystems can be found in pH-responsive nanocarriers for solid tumour targeting
Recent advances in nanotechnology, including modern enabling techniques that can improve synthetic preparation and drug formulations, have opened up new frontiers in nanomedicine with the development of nanoscale carriers and assemblies
Producing NPs that are homogeneous in their size and shape distributions is paramount and a number of techniques have been tested for their ability to accomplish this task; mechanochemistry has been used in solvent-free, solid-phase protocols, while microwave (MW) and ultrasound (US) irradiation have mostly seen use in aqueous solution syntheses
Summary
One typical example of internal-stimuli responsive nanosystems can be found in pH-responsive nanocarriers for solid tumour targeting. A new tetraglucose-based biomaterial, made up of cyclic nigerosyl-1-6-nigerose (CNN), has been produced by Caldera et al A cross-linking reaction with pyromellitic dianhydride formed solid NPs, called nanosponges (NS). This new nanomaterial is biocompatible and able to swell in response to the pH value. Fluorescent CD derivatives have been used as acid-sensitive gatekeepers to block silica mesopores and have undergone successful doxorubicin release studies This system presents the significant advantage of operators being able to trace the NP pathways using the green fluorescence and monitor therapy process [22]
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