Abstract
Despite the multitude of stents implanted annually worldwide, the most common complication called in‐stent restenosis still poses a significant risk to patients. Here, a “smart” stent equipped with microscale sensors and wireless interface is developed to enable continuous monitoring of restenosis through the implanted stent. This electrically active stent functions as a radiofrequency wireless pressure transducer to track local hemodynamic changes upon a renarrowing condition. The smart stent is devised and constructed to fulfill both engineering and clinical requirements while proving its compatibility with the standard angioplasty procedure. Prototypes pass testing through assembly on balloon catheters withstanding crimping forces of >100 N and balloon expansion pressure up to 16 atm, and show wireless sensing with a resolution of 12.4 mmHg. In a swine model, this device demonstrates wireless detection of blood clot formation, as well as real‐time tracking of local blood pressure change over a range of 108 mmHg that well covers the range involved in human. The demonstrated results are expected to greatly advance smart stent technology toward its clinical practice.
Highlights
Despite the multitude of stents implanted annually worldwide, the most this leads to heart attack and stroke
The two primary methods used to Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one leading cause identify in-stent restenosis in arteries, duplex ultrasound and of mortality worldwide
Www.advancedscience.com dure, a pressure-sensor-integrated stent is firmly crimped onto the balloon catheter (Figure 1a) and guided to the site of stenosis through a sheath; the balloon is inflated to expand and deploy the stent that pushes the plaque against the artery wall, widening the narrowed blood vessel and restoring normal blood flow
Summary
Despite the multitude of stents implanted annually worldwide, the most this leads to heart attack and stroke. A “smart” stent equipped with microscale sensors and wireless interface is developed to enable continuous monitoring of restenosis through the implanted stent. Prototypes pass testing through assembly on balloon catheters withstanding crimping forces of >100 N and balloon expansion pressure up to 16 atm, and show wireless sensing with a resolution of 12.4 mmHg. In a swine model, this device demonstrates tion, leading to excess growth of arterial tissue that may cause renarrowing within the stent. 1. Introduction may pose an increased risk of late thrombosis and resultant heart attacks over time.[6] The two primary methods used to Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one leading cause identify in-stent restenosis in arteries, duplex ultrasound and of mortality worldwide. In the United States, angiography,[7,8] are usually not done unless patients present more than two thousand patients die from CVD each day.[1] with chest pain or other symptoms.[9]
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