En-Route Battery Management and a Mixed Network Equilibrium Problem Based on Electric Vehicle Drivers’ En-Route Recharging Behaviors

Kai Liu,Jing Zhou,Sijia Luo

doi:10.3390/en13164061

Abstract

With the rapidly increasing number of electric vehicle users, in many urbans transport networks, there are mixed traffic flows (i.e., electric vehicles and gasoline vehicles). However, limited by driving ranges and long battery recharging, the battery electric vehicle (BEV) drivers’ route choice behaviors are inevitably affected. This paper assumes that in a transportation network, when BEV drivers are traveling between their original location and destinations, they tend to select the path with the minimal driving times and recharging time, and ensure that the remaining charge is not less than their battery safety margin. In contrast, gasoline vehicle drivers tend to select the path with the minimal driving time. Thus, by considering BEV drivers’ battery management strategies, e.g., battery safety margins and en-route recharging behaviors, this paper developed a mixed user equilibrium model to describe the resulting network equilibrium flow distributions. Finally, a numerical example is presented to demonstrate the mixed user equilibrium model. The results show that BEV drivers’ en-route recharging choice behaviors are significantly influenced by their battery safety margins, and under the equilibrium, the travel routes selected by some BEV drivers may not be optimal, but the total travel time may be more optimal.

Highlights

Thanks to the rapid development of battery technologies and increasing price of crude oil [1,2,3,4], in recently years, the number of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is increasing rapidly in many cities in the world
By considering electric vehicle drivers’ battery management strategies, this paper investigated mixed user equilibrium problems with battery electric vehicle drivers’ en-route recharging behaviors
Considering two kinds of vehicle drivers (i.e., BEV drivers and gasoline vehicle drivers) in the network, Considering two kinds of vehicle drivers (i.e., BEV drivers and gasoline vehicle drivers) in the we assume that BEV drivers select paths with the shortest driving time and shortest perceived recharging network, we assume that BEV drivers select paths with the shortest driving time and shortest time, and gasoline vehicle drivers select paths with the shortest driving travel time

Summary

Introduction

Thanks to the rapid development of battery technologies and increasing price of crude oil [1,2,3,4], in recently years, the number of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is increasing rapidly in many cities in the world. By considering stochastic range anxiety, Xie et al [19] developed a network equilibrium with electric vehicles In their research, they assumed that the variation of driving distance limits BEV drivers’ perception and causes battery depletion of BEV drivers with heterogeneous perception errors and risk-taking behaviors. Based on the above assumptions and considering BEV drivers’ range anxiety and recharging behavior, we formulate a mixed network equilibrium model to deal with the traffic assignment of gasoline vehicles and electric vehicles. The contribution of this paper is that by considering different types of drivers with different risk attitudes, different perception errors, and different initial states of battery, we developed a mixed user equilibrium model to describe gasoline vehicle drivers’ route choice behavior, BEV drivers’.

The Characterization of a Traffic Network

Definition and Formulation of a Mixed User Equilibrium

Solution Procedure

Numerical Example

Findings

Conclusions and Future Work