Abstract
The focus of this work is to investigate the effect of emulsifier-free emulsion fuel via steam emulsification (SD) to the diesel engine through physical properties, combustion performance, and exhaust analysis, and compare with conventional emulsion fuel with water percentages of 5% and 10% (E5 and E10) and biodiesel blend (B5). The SD was prepared using a custom 200 mL glass mixing column. The B5 fuel quantitatively was filled in the column, and then the steam was injected from the bottom of the mixing column through the porous frit glass with the pores ranging from 40 to 100 µm. The average water droplet size of SD is 0.375 µm with the average water percentage of 6.18%. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of SD improved 4.19% and 3.92%, respectively, as compared to B5. The in-cylinder pressure (ICP) was lower than B5, however, yielding close to the B5 at 4 kW engine load. As for the exhaust emission test, NOx and PM for SD were reduced significantly with a percentage reduction of 25.22% and 10.68%, respectively, as compared to neat B5. The steam emulsification method offers a huge potential to be explored further as the concept offers the alternative method of making emulsion fuel without the use of conventional mechanical mixers.
Highlights
Research interest in water-in-diesel/biodiesel emulsion fuel has grown exponentially worldwide. This is due to its significant impact on the exhaust emission, especially on the simultaneous reduction of nitrogen nxides (NOx ) and particulate matter (PM)
Hasanuddin et al [2] tested various nanometal additives blended into water-in-diesel emulsion fuel (WD) consisting of aluminum oxide (Al2 O3 ), copper(II) oxide (CuO), magnesium oxide (MgO), manganese(IV) oxide (MnO), and zinc oxide (ZnO)
The authors reported that WD blended with Al2 O3 yielded the highest reduction of brake specific fuel consumption, up to 5.5%, as compared to neat WD
Summary
Research interest in water-in-diesel/biodiesel emulsion fuel has grown exponentially worldwide. This is due to its significant impact on the exhaust emission, especially on the simultaneous reduction of nitrogen nxides (NOx ) and particulate matter (PM). Recent studies focused on improving the quality of the emulsion fuel by the addition of nano-sized particles, which include metallic, nonmetallic, organic, oxygenated, and their combination. Hasanuddin et al [2] tested various nanometal additives blended into water-in-diesel emulsion fuel (WD) consisting of aluminum oxide (Al2 O3 ), copper(II) oxide (CuO), magnesium oxide (MgO), manganese(IV) oxide (MnO), and zinc oxide (ZnO). The authors reported that WD blended with Al2 O3 yielded the highest reduction of brake specific fuel consumption, up to 5.5%, as compared to neat WD
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