Abstract
Lactobacilli are anaerobic or facultative, Gram-positive bacilli that commonly colonize the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts. The most common species of Lactobacillus are Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Although Lactobacillus species are generally thought to be protective and nonpathogenic microorganisms, they can lead to significant life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients, labeling them as opportunistic pathogens. We present a case of pathogenic Lactobacilus casei causing an empyema in an immunocompromised patient, which is the first reported case of this nature.
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