Abstract

This paper presents a spinal parsing algorithm that can jointly detect empty elements. This method achieves state-of-theart performance on English and Japanese empty element recovery problems.

Highlights

  • Empty categories, which are used in Penn Treebank style annotations to represent complex syntactic phenomena like constituent movement and discontinuous constituents, provide important information for understanding the semantic structure of sentences

  • The spinal Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG) has a set of elementary trees, called spines, each consisting of a lexical anchor with a series of unary projections

  • Compared with the PCFG parsing approaches, one advantage of our method is its flexible feature representations, which allow the incorporation of constituency, dependency- and spine-based features

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Summary

Introduction

Empty categories, which are used in Penn Treebank style annotations to represent complex syntactic phenomena like constituent movement and discontinuous constituents, provide important information for understanding the semantic structure of sentences. To the best of our knowledge, the results reported by (Cai et al, 2011) are the best yet reported, so we pursue a method that uses syntactic parsing to jointly solve the empty element recovery problem. Compared with the PCFG parsing approaches, one advantage of our method is its flexible feature representations, which allow the incorporation of constituency-, dependency- and spine-based features. S. intuition that features extracted from spines can be expected to be useful for empty element recovery in the same way as constituency-based vertical higher-order conjunctive features are used in recent post-processing methods (Xiang et al, 2013; Takeno et al, 2015). Experiments on English and Japanese datasets empirically show that our system outperforms existing alternatives

Spinal Tree Adjoining Grammars
Arc-Standard Shift-Reduce Spinal TAG Parsing
Empty Element Recovery
Related Work
Experiments on the English Penn Treebank
Findings
Experiments on the Japanese Keyaki Treebank

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