Abstract

Drawing on conservation of resources (COR) theory, we propose an integrative model that examines the benefits and costs of empowering leadership for employee bootlegging. Further, we argue that empowering and directive leadership may exist simultaneously and work together to regulate employee bootlegging. Survey data collected across multiple time points in high-technology companies support our model. The results revealed that employee creative self-efficacy and emotional exhaustion mediated the relationship between empowering leadership and employee bootlegging. Moreover, directive leadership weakened the relationship between empowering leadership and two mediators, which, in turn, affected bootlegging. Implications for future research and practice on employee bootlegging are also discussed.

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