Employment creation in EU related to renewables expansion

The expansion of renewable energy sources (RES) is essential to achieving regional sustainability in alignment with global climate goals. This study investigates the dynamics and projected growth of RES in West Pomerania, Poland, a region with significant potential due to its geographical characteristics and supportive policy frameworks. Historical data from 2010 to 2023 were used to perform a time series analysis that evaluated the annual growth rate (AGR) of various RES technologies, including wind, solar, biomass, and biogas. The analysis revealed a consistent upward trend in RES capacity, particularly in wind and solar energy, demonstrating effective resource mobilisation in the region. Subsequently, a forecasting model was employed to project the growth of the RES capacity through 2033 based on historical trends and technological advancements. The results indicate significant anticipated increases in RES capacity, highlighting West Pomerania’s potential to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels. This growth supports increased energy security and environmental sustainability. This study addresses a notable gap in the literature by linking regional renewable energy development with broader policy frameworks, such as the European Green Deal, and exploring the specific challenges of grid integration and economic disparities in the context of local energy transitions. These findings highlight the importance of sustained investment and policy support to scale renewable infrastructure while aligning regional initiatives with international sustainability goals. By bridging this gap, this study concludes that the West Pomerania strategy can serve as a model for other regions aiming to enhance their renewable energy portfolios and effectively meet the climate goals of the EU.

This paper establishes a new empirical finding: the degree of labor intensity and the degree of price flexibility are negatively correlated across industrial sectors. I model this in an economy with staggered nominal wage contracts and production sectors that differ in labor and capital intensities. Nominal disturbances affect capital-intensive and labor-intensive sectors asymmetrically: prices of labor-intensive goods change less than do prices of capital-intensive goods. In addition, when prices are costly to adjust, more firms in the capital-intensive sectors optimally choose to update their prices than firms in the labor-intensive sectors. Thus, varying factor intensity generates different degrees of price stickiness across sectors that face the same degree of wage rigidity.

The analysis and design of a small autonomous power system (SAPS) that contains renewable energy sources (RES) technologies can be challenging, due to the large number of design options and the uncertainty in key parameters. Renewable power sources add further complexity because their power output may be intermittent, seasonal, and nondispatchable. Due to this characteristic, reliability evaluation of a RES based SAPS cannot be implemented using the traditional deterministic and analytical methods. Moreover, in order to be complete, this evaluation has to be done within a cost-benefit framework. This chapter investigates the effect of reliability worth in the optimal economic operation of SAPS that is based on RES technologies, considering different scenarios. The optimization procedure is implemented with a combined genetic algorithm (GA) and local search procedure. In addition, this chapter examines the effect of considering SAPS components forced outage rate in the obtained optimal solutions via Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). The performance of the proposed optimization methodology is studied for a large number of alternative scenarios via sensitivity analysis, which study the effect on the results due to the uncertainty on weather data and cost data. The results show that the optimal operation of a RES based SAPS depends largely on the consideration of reliability worth as well as the inclusion of components forced outage rate.

A new energy planning methodology for the penetration of renewable energy technologies in electricity sector—application for the island of Crete

Study on the coal dust deposition fraction and site in the upper respiratory tract under different particle sizes and labor intensities

The optimal technological choice for sustainable development lies in renewable energy sources (RES). However, the potential offered by RES utilization poses significant challenges for mobile technologies and everyday living. Despite extensive research and information highlighting the benefits of renewable energy, there remains considerable debate, and limited awareness persists. The advantages of RES are not fully comprehended, raising concerns about its consistent application. Regrettably, lack of knowledge and a fundamental understanding hinders effective dissemination. To gauge the attitudes of residents in regions where RES is employed, this study employed a questionnaire authored by the researcher. The study was conducted between June 2022 and January 2023, with a total of 12,428 participants completing the survey. The sampling method utilized an online form distributed via various social media channels and among local contacts of the authors in Poland, Sweden, and France. Gender allocation: 58% male and 42% female. Respondents shared their perspectives on ecology and disclosed their familiarity with RES utilization. Results indicate public skepticism regarding the adequacy of RES security measures and the level of knowledge for its effective use. Insufficient experts, limited social advocacy, and reliance on online sources contribute to a low level of awareness. In several EU countries, the absence of widely accepted and easily accessible information on renewable energy sources (RES) hinders knowledge sharing and adoption. Despite the EU's efforts to promote renewable energy through directives and subsidies, rural communities in these countries often lack adequate education and awareness about RES technologies. This gap in knowledge contributes to unfavorable perceptions, with some residents viewing renewables as unreliable or economically unfeasible options compared to traditional energy sources like coal or natural gas. Additionally, bureaucratic hurdles and inconsistent government policies further complicate the transition to renewable energy, discouraging investment and innovation in the sector. As a result, while the EU aims for a sustainable energy future, these barriers impede the widespread growth of RES and hinder progress towards climate targets. In Poland the study found that 76% of respondents expressed favorable perceptions of RES, indicating a general inclination towards adopting clean energy solutions. In Sweden, the analysis uncovered a high level of environmental awareness among participants, with 85% of respondents expressing concern about environmental degradation. Despite this awareness, 62% of participants reported reservations about the security and affordability of energy derived from renewable sources. Additionally, 48% of respondents expressed uncertainty or ambivalence regarding the environmental benefits of RES. In France, the research revealed similar concerns among respondents regarding the security and affordability of renewable energy. 59% of participants expressed reservations about the security of energy derived from renewable sources, while 53% cited perceived high costs as a barrier to adoption. Furthermore, 41% of respondents identified underdeveloped RES infrastructure as a hindrance to wider acceptance and utilization. The quantitative data highlights the complex landscape of renewable energy perceptions and attitudes in Poland, Sweden, and France. While there is a general awareness of environmental issues and a positive inclination towards clean energy solutions, concerns about security, affordability, and infrastructure remain significant barriers to widespread adoption. These findings underscore the importance of targeted interventions and educational efforts to address these challenges and promote sustainable energy practices across Europe. Renewable energy sources (RES) represent a critical avenue for sustainable development, offering a pathway to mitigate environmental degradation and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. This study investigates public attitudes, knowledge levels, and barriers to RES adoption in rural areas of Poland, Sweden, and France, highlighting the unique socio-economic and cultural factors influencing these regions. Conducted between June 2022 and January 2023, the research utilized an online survey, gathering responses from 12,428 participants across these countries. Respondents evaluated statements on environmental responsibility, RES knowledge and application, and perceived obstacles, using a five-point Likert scale. Key findings reveal that while environmental awareness is high, significant barriers persist in the form of limited knowledge, underdeveloped infrastructure, and perceptions of high costs associated with RES. In Poland, 76% of respondents expressed a positive view of RES but cited concerns about cost and security. Swedish participants demonstrated strong environmental awareness (85%), yet 62% voiced reservations about RES affordability and reliability. French respondents similarly highlighted concerns regarding infrastructure and costs, with 41% identifying underdeveloped RES systems as a primary hindrance. The study underscores the importance of targeted educational campaigns and policy interventions to bridge knowledge gaps and foster greater acceptance of RES. Tailored strategies addressing local barriers-such as financial incentives, community-based advocacy, and infrastructure investments-are essential to overcoming these challenges. By exploring diverse perspectives and barriers across the three countries, this research contributes valuable insights to the broader discourse on sustainable energy transitions in the EU.

We examine variations in the South–North ratios (emerging vs. industrialized countries) of energy and labor intensities driven by imports. We use the novel World input-output database that provides bilateral and bisectoral data for 40 countries and 35 sectors for 1995–2009. We find South–North convergence of energy and labor intensities, an energy bias of import-driven convergence and no robust difference between imports of intermediate and investment goods. Accordingly, trade helps emerging economies follow a ‘green growth’ path, and trade-related policies can enhance this path. However, the effects are economically small and require a long time horizon to become effective. Trade-related policies can become much more effective in selected countries and sectors: China attenuates labor intensity via imports of intermediate goods above average. Brazil reduces energy intensity via imports of intermediate and investment goods above average. Production of machinery as an importing sector in emerging countries can immoderately benefit from trade-related reductions in factor intensities. Electrical equipment as a traded good particularly decreases energy intensity. Machinery particularly dilutes labor intensity. Our main results are statistically highly significant and robust across specifications.

Capital and labour intensity in Austria's foreign trade is examined on the basis of the 1964 input-output table. Eight variants were calculated in which tourist industry, imported intermediate consumption, and extractive industries, as well as agriculture trade, and transport were variously included and excluded. Calculations are based on domestic capital and labour intensities, as is done in all similar studies. In 1964 capital and labour intensity in Austria's foreign trade was neutral. The inclusion of tourism and of extractive industries, agriculture et al. results in a higher relative capital intensity in Austrian exports. It follows from the calculations that the capital intensity of imports was definitely not higher than that of exports; a certain proponderance of higher imports was identified in the case of human capital.

Human response and productivity in hot environments with directed thermal radiation

The Energy-Bias of North-South Technology Spillovers – A Global, Bilateral, Bisectoral Trade Analysis

We hypothesise that North–South trade is associated with knowledge spillovers that create labour productivity gains depending on various aspects of Southern absorptive capacity. We use the novel World Input–Output Database (WIOD) that provides bilateral and bisectoral panel data for 39 countries and 35 sectors for 1995–2009. We examine growth in relative South–North labour intensities (South–North convergence) for 31 industrialised source and eight emerging recipient countries. We find strong evidence that various components and individual indicators of absorptive capacity interact with imports of investment goods in such a way that the relative labour intensity is reduced. GMM and GLS estimations corroborate the results. Policies that improve various of the identified aspects of absorptive capacity are more promising than policies that select only one. Elevating the absorptive capacity of emerging economies to the maximum level in the world would halve the South–North gap in labour intensities within a couple of decades if it were solely achieved through the trade channel.

Experimental investigation on physiological and perceptual thermal responses through simulated hot-humid deep mine conditions

Chapter 15 - The importance of renewable energy expansion in power generation sector in Iran: a computable general equilibrium approach

A cost-effective low-carbon transition requires designing a state support mechanism that delivers an optimal diversity of renewable energy sources (RES) in the energy mix. Lowest price auctions that do not discriminate between technologies deliver optimal RES diversity, providing that there are no spill-over effects associated with the deployment of each technology. This precondition fails to apply, however, if RES technologies are able to benefit from learning-by-doing and if learning rates are uncertain. In the first part of this study we review the literature on the optimal diversity of technologies when technological progress is uncertain and on the uncertainty of learning rates. Then we use an analytical model to demonstrate that, under the uncertainty of learning potential, the socially-optimal diversity of RES is larger than the outcome of the lowest price auction. We also show that the social benefits from diversification disappear if there is no potential for learning-by-doing. Thus, countries that potentially could benefit from large learning rate effects — such as countries at the technological frontier — should increase RES diversification by introducing technology-specific auctions, while more peripheral countries should limit diversification by using technology-neutral auctions. We also show that the diversity of RES in the social optimum is greater than that predicted by energy models assuming fixed learning rates.

The labor, land, and capital intensities of US agricultural trade during 1982 are examined through an input-output model. The empirical findings indicate that factor endowments are important determinants of US agriculture's comparative advantage in international trade. In contrast to the Leontief Paradox, US agricultural exports tend to be more land and capital intensive while agricultural imports are more labor intensive.