Employee Perceptions of the Economic, Social, and Environmental Effects of the Kuşadasi International Golf Resort

Partnerships between medical schools and their clinical associates, which we describe in this article as academic clinical partnerships (ACPs), are powerful economic and social actors through their roles as major employers and procurers of goods and services. A broad spectrum of effects extending beyond the tripartite mission shapes the social contract between ACPs and the communities they serve. The authors present a model for identifying and measuring effects across this spectrum and illustrate the model's application with reference to specific case studies set in the United Kingdom. This model categorizes effects into five different domains: economic, human capital, social capital, knowledge, and place. These different effects express themselves along a spatial scale that varies from the very local to the global. The authors describe the theoretical background for each domain, as well as the methods required to identify and measure effects. These methods range from a quantitative economic impact analysis using extended input-output models to qualitative methods to capture social capital and place effects. The authors demonstrate how leaders in academic medicine can use the model to build a holistic picture of the societal effects of ACPs. Evidence of impact is of value to ACP leaders in engaging with both national and local stakeholders, and the approach is likely transferable to different countries.

Purpose The purpose of the chapter is to compare social and economic effects that accompany crises of economic systems. Methodology According to the adopted classification of causes of conflicts of socio-economic systems, the indicators that reflect potential social and economic causes of crisis are determined. Regression analysis is performed, and multiple regression dependence of economic growth of Russia’s economic system (values of growth of GDP in constant prices) on the indicators that characterize social and economic causes of crisis is determined; correlation analysis is performed and correlation of each indicator of causes and the indicator of economic growth is determined. Conclusions It is shown by the example of modern Russia that subjective (social factors) have the key role in determining cyclic fluctuations of economic system – together with objective (economic effects). Social causes of crisis are almost as important as economic causes. In view of generally acknowledged social consequences of crises (growth of inflation and unemployment level), it is possible to state a relatively equal role of economic and social effects that accompany crises of economic systems. The information and empirical basis of the chapter consists of the statistical materials of the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the OECD. The research is performed by the example of modern Russia’s economic system; its timeframe covers 1999–2018 (recent 20 years). Originality/value The obtained conclusions show the necessity and open perspectives for specifying the existing theory of cycles in the aspect of inclusion of social effects into the model of cyclic (wave) fluctuations of economic systems.

This research aims to comprehensively examine the economic and social effects by analyzing the perception of disaster relief funds for provincial residents focusing on Chungbuk. As a result of the study, it was found that the policy effectiveness of the disaster relief funds had a direct influence on the effectiveness of disaster relief funds, policy satisfaction, and policy attitude. In particular, it was found that the overall policy effectiveness and economic effectiveness were affected by the perception of the effectiveness of disaster relief funds. However, social effectiveness was found to be relatively affected by policy satisfaction. Considering the analysis results, it is interpreted that the point of attention in determining the policy effectiveness is affected by the possibility and effectiveness of policy means. And, it is judged that the perception of social effectiveness, which is a factor in judging the subjective area, is highly related to policy satisfaction, which is distinguished from the achievement of policy goals. Therefore, detailed content design of disaster relief funds is necessary by considering not only economic effectiveness but also social value and policy satisfaction management such as community recovery and government trust.

Introduction. The taxation system in any country plays an important role in regulating economic processes and ensuring the financial stability of the state. In periods of wars and global crises, such a system becomes especially important, as taxes are one of the main sources of revenue for the budget and can significantly affect the economic situation of the country. Implementing effective tax reforms in wartime is always a difficult task. Ukraine, which is actively fighting against Russian aggression, also faced the need to implement tax reforms to ensure financial stability and support society. In these conditions, guided by the needs of the country, the Ukrainian authorities made significant changes to the taxation system. Before the introduction of tax reforms, Ukraine faced a number of serious challenges. The invasion of Russia in 2022 was accompanied by irreparable damage, occupation of territories, destruction of infrastructure, mass migration of the population and great social and economic difficulties. The war not only led to a humanitarian crisis, but also seriously undermined the financial stability of the state. Before the start of the conflict, the Ukrainian economy was already under internal stress, and military actions limited the country's ability to function normally and sustain economic growth. The purpose of the paper is to study the effectiveness of tax reforms introduced during martial law, to analyze the social and economic consequences. Results. To ensure financial stability in wartime conditions and overcome economic difficulties, the authorities adopted a number of measures aimed at reducing the tax burden on business and entrepreneurs. One of the key reforms was the introduction of a simplified taxation system for enterprises with a small turnover, where the tax rate was only 2% of turnover. This decision made taxation more transparent and simple for entrepreneurs, and also allowed to reduce tax payments, even in the absence of actual profit. Tax incentives have been introduced for taxes such as flat tax, value added tax, income tax, customs duty and excise duty. The state also eased the procedure for taxing charitable assistance and support for the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Conclusion. All these tax decisions had both positive and negative economic and social consequences. It is important to emphasize that the effectiveness of wartime tax reforms is evaluated in the long term, and their impact can be difficult to estimate in advance. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly analyze, evaluate and adjust according to the current realities and conditions of today.

Issue addressed The study aim was to investigate the relationships between social capital measures and playgroup participation in a local residential area for parents with children of playgroup age (1-4 years) compared with non-participation and participation in a playgroup outside the local residential area. Research indicates playgroup participation has benefits for families, however, less is known about the potential local community social capital for parents who participate in playgroups. Methods Data were collected through a cross-sectional survey from March 2013 to January 2014 in Perth, Western Australia. The data from a group of parents (n=405) who had at least one child aged between 1 and 4 years were analysed using multivariable regression. Reported playgroup participation (local, outside the area or non-participation) in the previous 12 months was investigated for associations with three measures (Neighbourhood Cohesion Index, Social Capital and Citizenship Survey and local reciprocity) that capture attributes of social capital. Results Participation in playgroup locally was generally associated with higher levels of social capital than both participation in playgroup outside the local area and non-participation. Mothers with two or more children fared better for social capital measures than mothers with one child. Conclusions Participation in a locally placed playgroup may provide an important opportunity for families with children of playgroup age (1-4 years) to build social capital in their local community. So what? Playgroups in a family's local area have the potential to foster locally placed social capital through community interaction, social networks and cohesion, which are important for mental health promotion in communities.

This study investigated the social and economic effects of the menace of Fulani herdsmen crises in Nigeria. The study specifically examined the causes of Fulani herdsmen and farmers clashes in Nigeria, and the social and economic effects of the menace of Fulani herdsmen in Nigeria. The sample of the study consisted of 250 farmers and 150 respondents from Fulani tribe selected from affected Local Government areas in Southwest, Nigeria via purposive sampling technique. A questionnaire titled Economic and Social Effects of Herdsmen Clashes Questionnaire (ESEHCQ) was used to collect data. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics of t-test were used to analyze the data generated from respondents. The findings revealed that the major cause of the conflict was destruction of crops. The social effect of the menace of Fulani herdsmen are loss of human life, sexual harassment of human life, acquiring of weapons/arms, reduction in quality of social relationship, reduction of social support and high cases of rape while the economic effect of the menace of Fulani herdsmen are reduction in output and income of farmers/nomads, loss of produce in storage, displacement of farmers, scarcity of agricultural products, loss of house and properties and infrastructural damages. The findings also revealed that farmers and Fulani perception of the causes of Fulani herdsmen and farmers clashes in Nigeria are not different while farmers and Fulani perception of the social effects and economic effects of Fulani herdsmen and farmers clashes in Nigeria are different. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that representatives of the host communities and Fulani herdsmen should be conveyed under a public forum and involved in the decision making and permitted to take part actively in the planning procedure of restoring peace to most of the affected communities.

The tourism industry in Turkey has many social, cultural, political, and economic effects. These effects are shaped by the local people's tourism awareness and consciousness, especially in rural destination regions. The financial gain of the local people in the destination regions from the tourism sector, their understanding of the importance of the destination area they live in and the development of conservation awareness are closely related to the people having tourism awareness. This study aimed to determine the tourism awareness of the local people living in the Divriği district of Sivas. The interview approach, one of the qualitative research methods, was used. The study was conducted with people residing in the Divriği district of Sivas province. When the local people's statements regarding the definition of "tourism" and their perception of tourism were examined, findings covering the participants' thoughts on the meaning of the words "tourism" and "perception of tourism" were encountered. The findings regarding the tourism perception and awareness of the local people in Divriği were classified into different categories. With these categories, it was determined that the importance of tourism in Divriği for the local people, the views on tourist accommodation opportunities in Divriği, and the views and suggestions of the local people on products that can generate income through tourism were found. At the same time, findings included the participants' views on the local products of Divriği, important historical values, and the different characteristics of Divriği from other districts of Sivas. These categories included opinions and suggestions on the importance of tourism for the local people and the problems of tourist accommodation facilities, as well as ideas and suggestions on tourist products and services that will create economic value for the local people.

Relevance: Large-scale emergencies (LSE) cause critical disruption in routine activities, while the elimination requires profound redeployment of workforce and resources.The objective is to analyse the dynamics and risks of large-scale emergencies, as well as their social and biomedical consequences in a few individual countries and globally over the past 10 years (2012-2021).Methods: The study is based on global large-scale emergency indicators as reported in the Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT: OFDA/CRED) [https://www.emdat.be/]. All emergencies are split in two generalized groups - natural (natural disasters) and man-made. Risks of social and biomedical consequences of emergencies were calculated for 1 million people (10-6). Medians, upper and lower quartiles for LSE indicators and their consequences (Me [q25; q75]) are specified. The data is dynamically presented as a set of polynomial trends of the 2nd order.Results and discussion. According to EM-DAT, 5533 large-scale emergencies were recorded worldwide in 2012-2021, including 3807 (67.2%) natural and 1814 (32.8%) man-made events. It turned out that the global risks of exposure to emergencies, death, injury (illness) and homelessness were higher in natural emergencies than in man-made ones. The origin of large-scale natural emergencies was as follows: geophysical - 301 (7.9 %), meteorological - 1238 (32.5 %), climatological -272 (7.1 %), hydrological - 1780 (46.9 %) and biological - 215 (5.6 %). Most of the victims were observed during hydrological emergencies, median - 34.8 million people or 0.45 % of the world's population. The most serious bio-medical consequences were observed in meteorological emergencies (risk of death 0.55 • 10-6, risk of injury or illness 2.38 • 10-6), social consequences were most serious in case of hydrological and meteorological emergencies (risk of homelessness 35,8 • 10-6 and 16.1 • 10-6 respectively), economic consequences were most serious in climatological and meteorological emergencies (average economic loss of 1 large scale emergency makes 1 billion 727 million and 1 billion 600 million USA dollars respectively). Large-scale man-made emergencies included 225 industry-related (13.1%), 1206 transport (70%) and 291 domestic (16.9 %) events. The most serious bio-medical consequences were observed in transport emergencies (risk of death 0.54 • 10-6, risk of injury or illness 0.25 • 10-6), social consequences were most serious in domestic emergencies (risk of homelessness 1.12 • 10-6). All large-scale emergencies included 648 (11.7 %) reported for Europe, 2281 (41.2 %) for Asia, 1167 (21.1 %) for the Americas, 1279 (23.1 %) for Africa and 158 (2.1 %) for Australia. As a rule, risks of biomedical and social consequences of large-scale emergencies in leading countries under consideration (China, Germany, India, Japan and the USA) were lower than global risks. Information on domestic large-scale emergencies obtained by Russian experts and EM-DAT staff requires further synchronisation.Conclusion: The calculated indicators can be used to determine the need to develop measures to prevent emergencies or minimize their consequences regionally and globally.

Energy-saving is an important policy meeting with current energy shortage and environmental problems. Heating is the main energy consumption in Chinese northern areas. Taken typical northern city Shenyang City for example, this study applies the technology of remote sensing on urban residential construction heating-loss monitoring. The thermal infrared (TIR) data-ASTER, as main data source, is used to retrieve the urban land surface temperature based on the improved split-window algorithm. Integrating the high resolution multi-spectral remote sensing image QuickBird (QB), field sample data of thermal infrared imaging devices and the local residential areas' attribute, the analysis is done to estimate the feasibility of the remote sensing application in monitoring the construction heating-loss condition in Northern China. Through the ground validation, the accuracy rate can reach up to 91%. It is proved that remote sensing monitoring based on ASTER is an efficient and objective method in the urban construction energy-saving monitoring.

This research investigates if and how much the shapes of school attendance zones contribute to racial segregation in schools. We find that the typical school attendance zone is relatively compact and resembles a square-like shape. Compact zones typically draw children from local residential areas, and since local areas are often racially homogeneous, this suggests that high levels of racial segregation in the largest school districts are largely structured by existing residential segregation. Still, this study finds that the United States contains some attendance zones with highly irregular shapes-some of which are as irregular as the most irregular Congressional District. Although relatively rare, attendance zones that are highly irregular in shape almost always contain racially diverse student populations. This racial diversity contributes to racial integration within school districts. These findings contradict recent theoretical and empirical scholarship arguing that irregularly shaped zones contribute to racial segregation in schools. Our findings suggest that most racial segregation in school attendance zones is driven by large-scale segregation across residential areas rather than a widespread practice among school districts to exacerbate racial segregation by delineating irregularly shaped attendance zones.

When covering issues on sustainable socioeconomic development such terms as ‘artificial intelligence’ (AI) and ‘social economy’ appear more and more often. At the same time, these terms are rarely used together within the same study. This article contributes to the gap filling through theoretical overview of social economy development in the context of economic and social effects of AI. For the purpose, the authors summarize theoretical insights on social and economic effects of AI; elaborate characteristics on how AI changes sociality; characterize development of social economy in the light of AI; provide examples of social innovations and AI in practice. Monographic method, methods of logical analysis and synthesis, and meta-analysis were applied. Social and economic effects that appear as a result of widespread application of AI and changes in sociality are accompanied with highly differentiated readiness to AI across countries. Given the changes above and expectations devoted to AI effects on economy, social economy may benefit from AI, particularly, through social innovations, and may reduce negative effects of AI, particularly, on overall wellbeing. For the mentioned benefits, changes in sociality that appear due to AI application have to be accompanied with timely adjustments in skills and competences. The research concludes that AI may intensify social economy development through its ability to support vulnerable groups, environmental protection and application of the newest technological solutions. In this way, AI in social economy not only contributes to efficiency and innovation in industry and the economy, but also plays a key role in promoting sustainability, social responsibility and inclusion. Keywords: Social economy, Artificial intelligence, Social and economic effects, Sociality, Sustainable Socioeconomic Development

Framework for fire risk assessment of bridges

This study aimed to determine school administrators’ and teachers’ views regarding the role of recess for students. Phenomenology, one of the qualitative research designs, was used in this study. Maximum variation sampling method, a purposeful sampling method, was used to identify the research sample. The research data were collected through a semi-structured interview form and the collected data were analyzed by content analysis. The participants expressed their opinions about the effects of recess in terms of its cognitive, social, affective and physical effects. Participants stated that recess enables students to effectively participate in lessons cognitively, affectively, and behaviorally and that academic learning continued during recess. In addition, it is stated that recess has social effects such as forming friendships, learning about self, social skills and life. The participants stated that recess helps students to feel happy and relieve their tensions. Participants stated that recess can have positive effects on health since it provides students with the opportunity to move physically and it can decrease undesired behaviors. Participants stated that students can also experience negative emotions such as feelings of exclusion and loneliness during recess.

The concept of integrated reporting assumes that the value of the enterprise and its future development is determined not only by financial but also by human, intellectual, social, and natural capital. Traditional financial indicators are not enough to fully assess the company's investment attractiveness and sustainable development. The article aims to structure financial and non-financial information about natural capital, which can be disclosed in integrated reports to obtain future economic and social effects. Natural capital is the used natural resources and ecosystem services that support people's lives and well-being. Unlike financial capital, which can be measured in monetary units, natural capital does not have a standard unit of measurement. It can include elements such as soil quality, availability of water resources, biodiversity, availability of natural landscapes, and much more. Disclosure of information about natural capital in integrated reporting may include the following elements: assessment of natural resources used by the company; the cost of ecosystem services, namely air and water purification measures, control of soil purity, storage of water resources, flood control; assessment of the impact of the company's activities on the environment; minimization of the impact on the environment through the use of advanced technologies in the energy sector and resource-saving technologies; environmental risks and threats. An environmentally-oriented approach in the company's development strategy will have an ecological, social, and economic effect since resource-saving and energy-saving technologies significantly reduce the costs of activities and the cost of products. Companies demonstrating their commitment to sustainable development receive more opportunities to attract investment and participate in government programs and projects.

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