Employee ownership and participation effects on outcomes in firms majority employee-owned through employee stock ownership plans in the US1

Abstract

This article compares sales per employee for a panel of over 300 US firms which are majority employee-owned through employee stock ownership plans with a panel of closely matched, traditionally owned firms. Responses from a survey of firm work practices are used to estimate worker participation effects. Comparing matched firms, sales per employee are substantially and significantly higher for the employee-owned group of firms. This ‘employee-owned advantage’ is significantly greater among smaller firms, and (holding firm size constant) improves as the average employee’s ownership stake in firm stock goes up. Holding both firm size and employee stake constant, the employee-owned advantage is substantially (though not significantly) greater in the large group of firms which are 100 percent owned by their ESOP trusts. Holding firm size constant, increased production—worker influence on three facets of firm innovation also improves the advantage.