Empirical Study of Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Kecombrang (Etlingera elatior) in Mus musculus Sepsis Model

Abstract

Mice used as experimental animals in the laboratory belong to the genus Mus, subfamily Murinae, family Muridae, superfamily Muroidea, order Rodentia, and class M. musculus , these mice are also referred to as home mice. Mice have been used as standard animals in toxicology, teratology, and carcinogenesis tests, even today, mice have also been used for behavioral, neurologic, nutritional, genetic, immunological, infectious, metabolic, and degenerative disease studies. Animal models of sepsis with intraperitoneal or intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have been widely used for sepsis research. LPS induces systemic inflammation that mimics the early phase of sepsis. LPS injection causes kidney injury, including a decrease in glomerular filtration rate, an increase in blood urea nitrogen, and an increase in neutrophil infiltration in the kidney. The injectable dose of LPS can be titrated to mimic early sepsis without hemodynamic compromise, which has been useful for studying the systemic and renal responses. The response during the early phase of sepsis is that doses of LPS are usually used to induce systemic hypotension and decrease glomerular perfusion, whereas low doses of LPS do not cause systemic hypotension but still decrease glomerular perfusion. There are several advantages of LPS compared to others, namely, the method used is simple and the model is very controlled and standardized. The dose of endotoxin that causes 50% mortality in mice is 1–25 mg/kg. In this study, mice were given intraperitoneal injection of LPS at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg BW. LPS injection was given to the positive control group and treatment group 1, treatment group 2, and treatment group 3 at the start of the study.