Abstract
The purpose of this work was to investigate the air‐to‐air channel model (A2A‐CM) for unmanned aerial vehicle‐ (UAV‐) enabled wireless communications. Specifically, a low‐altitude small UAV needs to characterize the propagation mechanisms from ground reflection. In this paper, the empirical path loss channel characterizations of A2A ground reflection CM based on different scenarios were presented by comparing the wireless communication modules for UAVs. Two types of wireless communication modules both WiFi 2.4 GHz and LoRa 868 MHz frequency were deployed to study the path loss channel characterization between Tx‐UAV and Rx‐UAV. To investigate the path loss, three types of experimental channel models, such as CM1 grass floor, CM2 soil floor, and CM3 rubber floor, were considered under the ground reflection condition. The analytical A2A Two‐Ray (A2AT‐R) model and the modified Log‐Distance model were simulated to compare the correlation with the measurement data. The measurement results in the CM3 rubber floor scenario showed the impact from the ground reflection at 1 m to 3 m Rx‐UAV altitudes both 2.4 GHz and 868 MHz which was converged to the A2AT‐R model and related to the modified Log‐Distance model above 3 m. It clear that there is no ground reflection effect from the CM1 grass floor and CM2 soil floor. This work showed that the analytical A2AT‐R model and the modified Log‐Distance model can deploy to model the path loss of A2A‐CM by using WiFi and LoRa wireless modules.
Highlights
The numerous deployments of Internet of Things (IoT) devices such as IoT-based WiFi IEEE 802.11 [1], LoRabased low power wide area network (LPWAN) [2], Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) [3], or Sigfox [4] that uses in modern applications such as healthcare [5], transportation [6], smart farming [7], smart cities [8], and among others [9]
The path loss of measurement data in this scenario case ranges from 78.32 dB to 90.12 dB which is related to the modified LogDistance model along with the increasing of Rx-UAV altitudes
We presented the empirical path loss channel characterization of A2A ground reflection channel modeling for small UAVs-enabled wireless communications
Summary
The numerous deployments of Internet of Things (IoT) devices such as IoT-based WiFi IEEE 802.11 [1], LoRabased low power wide area network (LPWAN) [2], Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) [3], or Sigfox [4] that uses in modern applications such as healthcare [5], transportation [6], smart farming [7], smart cities [8], and among others [9]. The fundamental challenges of IoT communications are channel modeling, connectivity, coverage, reliability, latency, and energy efficiency. The propagation limitation of IoT devices significantly impacts the coverage range and reliability of communication systems. It is necessary to have an analytic channel modeling that can resolve the IoT requirements for deep coverage, reliability, and energy efficiency. The air-to-ground (A2G) channel modeling is one of the challenges in the UAV-enabled wireless communication [10]. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing the channel modeling of UAV significantly requires for IoT and 5G applications [12]. The UAV can dynamically move based on IoT locations to collect the data in energy efficiency and reliability. The use of UAVs and IoT significantly requires the connectivity of wireless communication modules such as WiFi or LoRa modules
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