Abstract
BackgroundThe rising incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a major public health problem. The inflammatory potential of diet contributes to the development of MetS. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between empirical dietary inflammatory pattern (EDIP) and risk of MetS among the Tehranian population. Our hypothesis was that high EDIP would increase the risk of MetS and its components.MethodsIn this prospective study, 2216 adults were selected from among the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study participants. The usual dietary intakes were estimated using a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire. Biochemical and anthropometric measurements were assessed at baseline and over 6.2 years of follow up. MetS components were defined according to the modified national Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. The inflammatory potential of diet was calculated using EDIP score; more positive scores means higher pro-inflammatory diet. Adjusted logistic regression models were used to estimate the occurrence of MetS and its components across quartiles of EDIP score.ResultsMean ± SD for EDIP score was 0.61 ± 0.40 (range − 2.3 to 6.9). Participants with the highest EDIP scores, had a higher risk of MetS incidence compared to those with the lowest score (OR: 1.75, 95% CI 1.21–2.54, Ptrend = 0.003). Among the MetS components, hyperglycemia, abdominal obesity, and low HDL-C had a significant positive association with EDIP score; (OR: 1.46, 95% CI 1.03–2.08, Ptrend = 0.026), (OR: 1.43, 95% CI 1.03–1.97, Ptrend = 0.046), and (OR: 1.57, 95% CI 1.34–2.19, Ptrend = 0.015), respectively. No significant association was found between EDIP score, hypertension and hypertriglyceridemia.ConclusionOur finding indicated that higher intake of the pro-inflammatory diet may be an independent risk factor for the development of MetS, hyperglycemia, low HDL-C and abdominal obesity in Tehranian adults.
Highlights
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a series of metabolic abnormalities, including central obesity, hypertension, elevated serum triacylglycerol (TG), elevated fasting blood glucose (FBG) and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) [1]
Data are mean ± SD unless otherwise states EDIP scores were recorded as pro-inflammatory diets with more positive scores and anti-inflammatory diets with more negative scores Q Quartile, BMI body mass index, WC waist circumference, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, FBG fasting blood glucose, HDL-C high density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG Triglyceride, EDIP empirical dietary inflammatory pattern
Dietary intake of protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids, coffee, dark yellow vegetables, leafy green vegetables, snacks, and fruit juices did not differ by quartiles of EDIP score
Summary
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a series of metabolic abnormalities, including central obesity, hypertension, elevated serum triacylglycerol (TG), elevated fasting blood glucose (FBG) and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) [1]. High inflammation has been reported in individuals with MetS which could potentially increase CVD incidence [4]. The prevalence of MetS in Iranian adults, has been reported to be more than 30% [5] Lifestyle components, such as dietary intake, smoking and physical activity, have an important role in the developing of MetS [6]; over the past decade, unhealthy lifestyle behaviors in the Iranian population has led to a high prevalence of MetS [7]. More emphasis is made on the important role of dietary pattern on the development of MetS [8, 9]. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation‐ ship between empirical dietary inflammatory pattern (EDIP) and risk of MetS among the Tehranian population. Our hypothesis was that high EDIP would increase the risk of MetS and its components
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