Empathy as related to gender, age, race and ethnicity, academic background and career interest: A nationwide study of osteopathic medical students in the United States.

Mohammadreza Hojat,Leonard H Calabrese,Jennifer Desantis,Mark R Speicher,Stephen C Shannon,Lynn Bragan

doi:10.1111/medu.14138

Mohammadreza Hojat, Leonard H Calabrese + Show 4 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.14138

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Abstract

ContextResearch on associations between medical student empathy and demographics, academic background and career interest is limited, lacks representative samples and suffers from single institutional features. This study was designed to fill the gap by examining associations between empathy in patient care, and gender, age, race and ethnicity, academic background and career interest in nationwide, multi‐institutional samples of medical students in the United States and to provide more definitive answers regarding the aforementioned associations, with more confidence in the internal and external validity of the findings.MethodsFour nationwide samples participated in this study (n = 10 751). Samples 1, 2, 3 and 4 included 3616 first‐year, 2764 second‐year, 2413 third‐year and 1958 fourth‐year students who completed a web‐based survey at the end of the 2017‐2018 academic year. The survey included questions on demographics, academic background and career interest, the Jefferson Scale of Empathy, and the Infrequency Scale of the Zuckerman‐Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire to control for the effect of ‘good impression’ response bias.ResultsStatistically significant and practically important associations were found between empathy scores and gender (in favour of women), race and ethnicity (in favour of African‐American and Hispanic/Latino/Spanish), academic background (in favour of ‘Social and Behavioural Sciences’ and ‘Arts and Humanities’ in Samples 1 and 2) and career interest (in favour of ‘People‐Oriented’ and ‘Psychiatry’ specialties).ConclusionsSpecial features of this study (eg, nationwide representative samples, use of a validated instrument for measuring empathy in patient care, statistical control for the effect of ‘good impression’ response bias, and consistency of findings in different samples from multiple institutions) provide more definitive answers to the issue of correlates of empathy in medical students and increase our confidence in the validity, reliability and generalisability of the results. Findings have implications for career counselling and targeting students who need more guidance to enhance their empathic orientation.

Highlights

Empathy is the heart of the art of patient care
These findings suggest that empathic orientation can contribute both to the quality of interpersonal relations in general and to the outcomes of medical education and patient care in particular
Ample evidence supports the psychometrics of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE) in samples of medical and other health professions students in the USA and abroad.6(pp. 83-128, 275-286) The JSE has been translated into 56 languages, and used in more than 85 countries.[6]

Summary

Introduction

Empathy has been described as the most frequently mentioned personal quality of the humanistic physician[1] and a major element of professionalism in medicine.[2]. Significant correlations have been reported between medical student's empathy and personality attributes conducive to relationship building (for a review see Hojat et al[10] and Hojat et al[11]). Negative correlations have been found between empathy in medical and other health professions students and personal qualities detrimental to interpersonal relationships. (for a review see Hojat et al[10] and Hojat et al[11]) These findings suggest that empathic orientation can contribute both to the quality of interpersonal relations in general and to the outcomes of medical education and patient care in particular

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Conclusion