Abstract
Emotional information rapidly captures our attention and also often invokes automatic response tendencies, whereby positive information motivates approach, while negative information encourages avoidance. However, many circumstances require the need to override or inhibit these automatic responses. Control over responses to emotional information remains largely intact in late life, in spite of age-related declines in cognitive control and inhibition of responses to non-emotional information. The goal of this behavioral study was to understand how the aging process influences emotional response inhibition for positive and negative information in older adults. We examined emotional response inhibition in 36 healthy older adults (ages 60–89) and 44 younger adults (ages 18–22) using an emotional Go/No-Go task presenting happy (positive), fearful (negative), and neutral faces. In both younger and older adults, happy faces produced more approach-related behavior (i.e., fewer misses), while fearful faces produced more avoidance-related behavior, in keeping with theories of approach/avoidance-motivated responses. Calculation of speed/accuracy trade-offs between response times and false alarm rates revealed that younger and older adults both favored speed at the expense of accuracy, most robustly within blocks with fearful faces. However, there was no indication that the strength of the speed/accuracy trade-off differed between younger and older adults. The key finding was that although younger adults were faster to respond to all types of faces, older adults had greater emotional response inhibition (i.e., fewer false alarms). Moreover, younger adults were particularly prone to false alarms for happy faces. This is the first study to directly test effects of aging on emotional response inhibition. Complementing previous literature in the domains of attention and memory, these results provide new evidence that in the domain of response inhibition older adults may more effectively employ emotion regulatory ability, albeit on a slower time course, compared to younger adults. Older adults’ enhanced adaptive emotion regulation strategies may facilitate resistance to emotional distraction. The present study extends the literature of emotional response inhibition in younger adulthood into late life, and in doing so further elucidates how cognitive aging interacts with affective control processes.
Highlights
Emotion has a robust and enduring influence on behaviors across many domains of cognition and perception
The primary aim for the present study was to identify the differential impact of individual emotions as targets and non-targets on younger and older adults’ task performance, so analyses focused upon blocks pairing neutral with emotional stimuli
Response inhibition to neutral non-targets is an index of cognitive control, while response inhibition to emotional non-targets is an index of emotion regulation
Summary
Emotion has a robust and enduring influence on behaviors across many domains of cognition and perception. Emotional valence often biases response tendencies, whereby positive information motivates approach, while negative information encourages avoidance (Elliot, 2006; Phaf et al, 2014). Those response biases are often either undesirable or contextually inappropriate, and in such circumstances, executive control – or regulation – over one’s emotionally driven behavior is required to implement more desirable or adaptive responses (Banich et al, 2009). One direct “real world” application of unsuccessful response inhibition could be in instances where one is aware of their desired or most situationally appropriate reaction, yet cannot override an automatic or habitual response tendency. Failure to suppress outbursts of anger or frustration at times when holding your tongue would be the more optimal reaction
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