Emodin-based Regulation and Control of Serum Complement C5a, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammatory Responses in Rats with Urosepsis via AMPK/SIRT1

Abstract

Emodin, derived from Rheum officinale and aloe, is known for its diverse benefits such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. Currently, the impact of emodin on urosepsis is unclear. This study aims to investigate the mechanism of action of emodin in urosepsis. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were purchased from Cloud-Clone Animal Inc. and treated with emodin. Cell viability and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level were then assessed. In a separate experiment, a urosepsis model was established in Sprague Dawley rats which were subsequently treated with emodin. The levels of oxidative stress-related factors, serum complements and inflammatory factors were measured using commercial kits. Blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels were determined using a fully automatic biochemical analyzer. The levels of pro-inflammatory proteins and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) pathway-related proteins were evaluated via Western blot. PBMCs were unaffected by emodin concentrations below 60 μg/mL, and minimal LDH levels were detected in the cells. Emodin attenuated the effects of Escherichia coli and diminished the production of serum complements, oxidative stress-related proteins, and inflammatory factors in PBMCs. Notably, the effects of emodin were lessened by an AMPK pathway inhibitor. Additionally, emodin alleviated oxidative stress, complement system activation, inflammation, and kidney injury in urosepsis rats through the AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway. Emodin improved kidney damage in urosepsis rats by activating the AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway, which reduced oxidative stress, inflammation, and complement system activation.