Abstract

Abstract. Twenty-nine different fuel types used in residential dwellings in northern India were collected from across Delhi (76 samples in total). Emission factors of a wide range of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) (192 compounds in total) were measured during controlled burning experiments using dual-channel gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection (DC-GC-FID), two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC-FID), proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) and solid-phase extraction two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SPE-GC × GC–ToF-MS). On average, 94 % speciation of total measured NMVOC emissions was achieved across all fuel types. The largest contributors to emissions from most fuel types were small non-aromatic oxygenated species, phenolics and furanics. The emission factors (in g kg−1) for total gas-phase NMVOCs were fuelwood (18.7, 4.3–96.7), cow dung cake (62.0, 35.3–83.0), crop residue (37.9, 8.9–73.8), charcoal (5.4, 2.4–7.9), sawdust (72.4, 28.6–115.5), municipal solid waste (87.3, 56.6–119.1) and liquefied petroleum gas (5.7, 1.9–9.8). The emission factors measured in this study allow for better characterisation, evaluation and understanding of the air quality impacts of residential solid-fuel combustion in India.

Highlights

  • Biomass burning is the second largest source of trace gases to the troposphere, releasing around a half of global CO, ∼ 20 % of NO and ∼ 8 % of CO2 emissions (Olivier et al, 2005; Wiedinmyer et al, 2011; Andreae, 2019)

  • Stewart et al.: Emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) from domestic fuel combustion in India of trace gases are released from biomass burning, in different amounts depending on the fuel type and the combustion conditions, meaning that detailed studies at the point of emission are required to accurately characterise emissions

  • Many peaks were present in the chromatograms for cow dung cake and municipal solid waste, and these fuels released significantly more NMVOCs per unit mass than fuelwood and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)

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Summary

Introduction

Biomass burning is the second largest source of trace gases to the troposphere, releasing around a half of global CO, ∼ 20 % of NO and ∼ 8 % of CO2 emissions (Olivier et al, 2005; Wiedinmyer et al, 2011; Andreae, 2019). The gases released lead to soil-nutrient redistribution (PonetteGonzalez et al, 2016; N’Dri et al, 2019); can themselves be toxic (Naeher et al, 2007); and can significantly degrade local, regional, and global air quality through the photochemical formation of secondary pollutants such as ozone (O3) (Pfister et al, 2008; Jaffe and Wigder, 2012) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) (Alvarado et al, 2015; Kroll and Seinfeld, 2008) They can lead to indoor air quality issues (Fullerton et al, 2008)

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