Abstract
Abstract. Particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides NOx (NOx = NO2+ NO) are key species for urban air quality in Europe and are emitted by mobile sources. According to European recommendations, a significant fraction of road freight should be shifted to waterborne transport in the future. In order to better consider this emission change pattern in future emission inventories, in the present study inland water transport emissions of NOx, CO2 and PM were investigated under real world conditions on the river Rhine, Germany, in 2013. An average NO2 ∕ NOx emission ratio of 0.08 ± 0.02 was obtained, which is indicative of ship diesel engines without exhaust gas aftertreatment systems. For all measured motor ship types and operation conditions, overall weighted average emission indices (EIs), as emitted mass of pollutant per kg burnt fuel of EINOx = 54 ± 4 g kg−1 and a lower limit EIPM1 ≥ 2.0 ± 0.3 g kg−1, were obtained. EIs for NOx and PM1 were found to be in the range of 20–161 and ≥ 0.2–8.1 g kg−1 respectively. A comparison with threshold values of national German guidelines shows that the NOx emissions of all investigated motor ship types are above the threshold values, while the obtained lower limit PM1 emissions are just under. To reduce NOx emissions to acceptable values, implementation of exhaust gas aftertreatment systems is recommended.
Highlights
Particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are key species for urban air quality in Europe
According to the European Commission’s White Paper (2011), 30 % of road freight transported over more than 300 km distance should shift to other transport modes such as waterborne or rail transport by 2030, and more than 50 % by 2050 (European Commission, 2011)
To obtain the correct NO2 / NOx emission ratio from the measurements it is important to distinguish between primarily emitted NO2 and NO2, which is formed by the reaction of NO with ozone in the exhaust plume
Summary
Particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are key species for urban air quality in Europe. According to the European Commission’s White Paper (2011), 30 % of road freight transported over more than 300 km distance should shift to other transport modes such as waterborne or rail transport by 2030, and more than 50 % by 2050 (European Commission, 2011) Such a shift will result in an increase of emissions from inland water transportation in the years. In the European Union the emission of NOx, VOC, PM and CO from road and rail transport decreased from 1990 to 2000, whereas emissions from inland navigation remained more or less constant and emissions from sea transport increased slightly (Trends, 2003). In 2005 the German national guideline “Binnenschiffabgasverordnung, BinSchAbgasV” was implemented for national waterways, which defines engine-dependent emission indices, i.e. emitted mass of pollutant per kg burnt fuel, for NOx and PM of EINOx : 30–42 and EIPM: 1.2–2.4 g kg−1 respectively (BinSchAbgasV, 2005). Inland water transport emissions were investigated under real world conditions along the riverside of the river Rhine in Germany, during a field campaign from 20 to 22 February 2013
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