Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000–2008: Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2

J Kurokawa,S Hanayama,K Kawashima,G Janssens-Maenhout,H Akimoto,T Morikawa,T Ohara,T Fukui

doi:10.5194/acp-13-11019-2013

Abstract

Abstract. We have updated the Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) as version 2.1. REAS 2.1 includes most major air pollutants and greenhouse gases from each year during 2000 and 2008 and following areas of Asia: East, Southeast, South, and Central Asia and the Asian part of Russia. Emissions are estimated for each country and region using updated activity data and parameters. Monthly gridded data with a 0.25° × 0.25° resolution are also provided. Asian emissions for each species in 2008 are as follows (with their growth rate from 2000 to 2008): 56.9 Tg (+34%) for SO2, 53.9 Tg (+54%) for NOx, 359.5 Tg (+34%) for CO, 68.5 Tg (+46%) for non-methane volatile organic compounds, 32.8 Tg (+17%) for NH3, 36.4 Tg (+45%) for PM10, 24.7 Tg (+42%) for PM2.5, 3.03 Tg (+35%) for black carbon, 7.72 Tg (+21%) for organic carbon, 182.2 Tg (+32%) for CH4, 5.80 Tg (+18%) for N2O, and 16.0 Pg (+57%) for CO2. By country, China and India were respectively the largest and second largest contributors to Asian emissions. Both countries also had higher growth rates in emissions than others because of their continuous increases in energy consumption, industrial activities, and infrastructure development. In China, emission mitigation measures have been implemented gradually. Emissions of SO2 in China increased from 2000 to 2006 and then began to decrease as flue-gas desulphurization was installed to large power plants. On the other hand, emissions of air pollutants in total East Asia except for China decreased from 2000 to 2008 owing to lower economic growth rates and more effective emission regulations in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. Emissions from other regions generally increased from 2000 to 2008, although their relative shares of total Asian emissions are smaller than those of China and India. Tables of annual emissions by country and region broken down by sub-sector and fuel type, and monthly gridded emission data with a resolution of 0.25° × 0.25° for the major sectors are available from the following URL: http://www.nies.go.jp/REAS/.

Highlights

Estimating anthropogenic emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases in Asia, where dramatic spatial and temporal variations of emissions have occurred in the last three decades, is a very important task for understanding and controlling the regional and global atmospheric environment
Whereas Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) 1.1 extrapolated the non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) emissions developed by Klimont et al (2002a) and Streets et al (2003a), in REAS 2.1 emissions were calculated from activity data and emission factors for each target year
The fact that Asian SO2 emissions increased monotonically from 2000 to 2006 and began to decrease reflects trends of emissions in China and the power plant sector; a growing number of coal-fired power plants have been equipped with flue gas desulphurization (FGD) in China (Fig. 4a and b)

Summary

Introduction

Estimating anthropogenic emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases in Asia, where dramatic spatial and temporal variations of emissions have occurred in the last three decades, is a very important task for understanding and controlling the regional and global atmospheric environment. Streets et al (2003a, b) developed detailed emission inventories in Asia for the year 2000 for modeling study of TRACE-P (Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific) field campaigns (Jacob et al, 2003). For TRACE-P’s successor mission Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment-Phase B (INTEX-B) performed in 2006 (Singh et al, 2009), Zhang et al (2009a) developed a new emission inventory in Asia for the year 2006. For this effort, Zhang et al (2009a) improved the methodology for estimating emissions from China by using a detailed technologybased approach that took into consideration recent rapid technology renewal in China. The TRACE-P and INTEX-B data sets have been used for their original purpose (e.g. Adhikary et al, 2010) and for many other atmospheric chemistry modeling studies in Asia (e.g. Liu et al, 2010)

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Results

Conclusion