Emissions from Solid Fuel Cook Stoves in the Himalayan Region

Jin Dang,Qianggong Zhang,Pengfei Chen,Derek Dunn-Rankin,Shichang Kang,Andy Dang,Jihua Li,Chaoliu Li

doi:10.3390/en12061089

Abstract

Solid fuel cooking stoves have been used as primary energy sources for residential cooking and heating activities throughout human history. It has been estimated that domestic combustion of solid fuels makes a considerable contribution to global greenhouse gas (GHG) and pollutant emissions. The majority of data collected from simulated tests in laboratories does not accurately reflect the performance of stoves in actual use. This study characterizes in-field emissions of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), and total non-methane hydrocarbons (TNMHC) from residential cooking events with various fuel and stove types from villages in two provinces in China (Tibet and Yunnan) in the Himalayan area. Emissions of PM2.5 and gas-phase pollutant concentrations were measured directly and corresponding emission factors calculated using the carbon balance approach. Real-time monitoring of indoor PM2.5, CO2, and CO concentrations was conducted simultaneously. Major factors responsible for emission variance among and between cooking stoves are discussed.

Highlights

Solid fuel cooking stoves continue to be used and relied upon in many parts of the world.There are more than two billion people using direct burning of solid fuel as their primary energy source [1,2], especially in developing countries where cooking stoves primarily burn biomass or coal.it has been estimated that worldwide domestic combustion of solid fuels from residential use and small=scale industry contribute approximately 34% of total black carbon (BC) emissions [3].Biomass has been used directly as a fuel since the harnessing of fire by humans [4], and coal has been used since the second and third century of the Common Era [5]
This study aims to measure cooking stove emissions while they are in use to permit more accurate characterization of the potential local and global climate impact from domestic solid fuel combustion
Since most of the carbon emissions are in form of CO2 and carbon monoxide (CO), Modified combustion efficiency (MCE) provides a robust approximation to the normalized combustion efficiency (NCE) [12]

Summary

Introduction

Solid fuel cooking stoves continue to be used and relied upon in many parts of the world.There are more than two billion people using direct burning of solid fuel as their primary energy source [1,2], especially in developing countries where cooking stoves primarily burn biomass or coal.it has been estimated that worldwide domestic combustion of solid fuels from residential use and small=scale industry contribute approximately 34% of total black carbon (BC) emissions [3].Biomass has been used directly as a fuel since the harnessing of fire by humans [4], and coal has been used since the second and third century of the Common Era [5]. Solid fuel cooking stoves continue to be used and relied upon in many parts of the world. There are more than two billion people using direct burning of solid fuel as their primary energy source [1,2], especially in developing countries where cooking stoves primarily burn biomass or coal. It has been estimated that worldwide domestic combustion of solid fuels from residential use and small=scale industry contribute approximately 34% of total black carbon (BC) emissions [3]. Biomass fuels fall at the low end of the energy ladder and, require large volumes and mass relative to the energy delivered. As a result, they often produce a high level of combustion emissions. The energy density ladder can be expressed as: dung < crop residues < wood < kerosene

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