Abstract
From the available statistical data, cement factories co-process a range of over 100 types of waste (sorted both industrial and household) being authorized for their use as combustion components in clinker ovens. Therefore, the level of emissions is different depending on the type of fuels and waste used. The amount of industrial and municipal co-processed waste in the Romanian cement industry from 2004 to 2013 was about 1,500,000 tons, the equivalent of municipal waste generated in a year for 18 cities with over 250,000 inhabitants. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the emission level of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hydrofluoric acid (HF) at the clinker kilns at two cement factories in Romania for different annual time intervals and to do a comparative analysis, to estimate their compliance with legislation in force. The measurements results showed average emission levels of about 0.578 mg/Nm3 for HCl and about 0.100 mg/Nm3 for HF, in the first hours of the evening, but decreased at the beginning of the third tour, at about 0.385 mg/Nm3 for HCl, respectively, to about 0.085 mg/Nm3 for HF. The evolution of HCl and HF emission levels during the last 4 years showed a variable distribution of these acids.
Highlights
Spatial urban growth, land use changes, decreased carbon sinks, and increased energy consumption in buildings and transport are major challenges in reducing emissions and in regional and urban development planning
Through a unitary approach at a national level, through the elaboration of authorized methodological norms, as well as through guides for their implementation, can the best decisions be taken regarding the reduction of harmful gas emissions levels in the atmosphere
The purpose of this paper was not to analyze the level of all the gaseous emissions at the cement plants in Romania, but only of the gaseous compounds of chlorine and fluoride, which are important for human health and for the vegetation and environment in which we live
Summary
Land use changes, decreased carbon sinks, and increased energy consumption in buildings and transport are major challenges in reducing emissions and in regional and urban development planning. The decision-makers need to be aware of the growth of urban settlements and the modification of the land use, associated with an increase in the level of spatial emissions for an adaptive policy at relatively short intervals. Emissions during the production of raw materials and their transport, from suppliers to users, are high in terms of greenhouse emissions level. Raw material suppliers and companies that produce or use cement or concrete must come up with plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions using alternative types of cement, substitutes for alternative aggregates that reduce water consumption, and use recycled industrial waste, encouraging users to search for suppliers nearby. Based on the study presented by Akan et al (2017), it will be difficult for developing countries to meet the dual objectives of economic prosperity and environmental sustainability [3]
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