Emission of greenhouse gases from controlled incineration of cattle manure

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) using membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology have been considered a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study chose a small-scale wastewater treatment plant using MBR technology to estimate its potential for GHG emissions. The total GHG emissions from this wastewater treatment plant ranged from 2,802 to 11,946kg CO2 -eq/month within the 4-year study period, and they were mainly attributable to electricity consumption (79.94%) followed by chemical usages (17.13%) and on-site GHG emissions (2.93%). The on-site GHG emissions varied monthly, but most of them ranged from 80 to 160kg CO2 -eq/month. The aeration tank was an important operating unit for GHG emissions. Off-site GHG emissions mainly came from carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions resulting from electricity consumption. The results of this study provide useful information about the potential of GHG emissions from WWTPs using MBR technology and indicate that WWTPs can be sustainably managed. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Wastewater treatment plants have been considered a source of greenhouse gas emissions. Total greenhouse gas emissions from the wastewater treatment plants using membrane bioreactor were mainly attributable to electricity consumption. On-site greenhouse gas emissions were relatively insignificant in this study.

Modeling greenhouse gas emissions from biological wastewater treatment process with experimental verification: A case study of paper mill

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were a major causal factor of global warming that further impacts climate change. This study aimed to inventory the sources of greenhouse gas emissions from the livestock sector in Bangka Belitung. The GHG emissions in the livestock sector was calculated using the Tier-2 method based on guidance from IPCC 2006. Secondary data were collected from multiple sources, including livestock population, enteric CH4 emission factors, and the production and management of local livestock manure. The results of the calculation of GHG emissions in Bangka Belitung from 2018-2022 showed a significant increase from 25.54 to 33.32 Gg CO2 eq, with an accumulation of 139.43 Gg CO2 eq over five years. Beef cattle became the largest contributor to GHG emissions, with enteric fermentation CH4 emissions of 104.34 Gg CO2 eq, accounting for 91.90% of the total CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation sources and 74.84% of the total GHG emissions in Bangka Belitung. The largest contributor to GHG emissions was 78.62% or 109.62 Gg CO2 eq from enteric fermentation sources of ruminants, while N2O emissions from manure management reached 29.10 Gg CO2 eq, and the smallest CH4 emissions were 0.70 Gg CO2 eq, sourced from livestock manure

Municipal water and wastewater services have complicated sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and quantifying their roles is critical for tackling global environmental challenges. In this study we provide a systematic review of the state‐of‐the‐art on GHG emission characterizations of China's urban water infrastructure with the aim of shedding light on global implications for sustainable development. We started by synthesizing a framework on GHG emissions associated with water and wastewater infrastructure. Then we analyzed the different sources of GHG emissions in drinking water and wastewater treatment systems. In drinking water services, electricity consumption is the largest source of GHG emissions. A particular concern in China is the common use of secondary pumping for high‐rise buildings. Optimized pressure management with an efficient pumping system should be prioritized. In wastewater services, non‐CO2 emissions such as methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions are substantial, but vary greatly depending on regional and technological differences. Further research directions may include GHG inventory development for urban water systems at the plant level, quantifications of GHG emissions from sewer systems, emission reduction measures via water reclamation, renewable energy recovery, energy efficiency improvement, cost–benefit analyses, and characterizations of Scope 3 emissions.This article is categorized under: Engineering Water > Sustainable Engineering of Water Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change Engineering Water > Planning Water

Accelerating Green Steel in the EU

Life cycle assessment was used to study the following six major stages of animal husbandry: feed grain planting, feed grain transportation and processing, livestock and poultry breeding, livestock and poultry gastrointestinal fermentation, manure management, and livestock and poultry product slaughter and processing. The greenhouse gas emissions from animal husbandry in Shandong Province were quantified for the entire 20-year period spanning from 2002 to 2021. This study also analyzed the emission patterns and characteristics associated with this life cycle assessment. The results show that over the past 20 years, the greenhouse gas emissions from animal husbandry in Shandong Province increased continuously, the greenhouse gas emission intensity decreased continuously, and both of these trends tended to be stable. From a life cycle standpoint, the primary sources of greenhouse gas emissions were gastrointestinal fermentation and the management of livestock and poultry manure. In terms of the structure of livestock and poultry breeding, poultry was the primary source of greenhouse gas emissions. The emission characteristics of the greenhouse gases produced by animal husbandry varied among different cities in Shandong Province. The main source of greenhouse gas discharged due to animal husbandry in Zibo and Binzhou was Ecattle; in Dongying, it was Esheep; and in the remaining cities, it was mainly Epoultry.

(Micro)plastic crisis: Un-ignorable contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions and climate change

Different environmental and social concerns can arise due to the generation of gaseous emissions during the treatment of urban wastewater. However, there is not an extensive knowledge about which are the main potential odour and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission sources in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and their variability. In this study, a multipoint characterization of the gaseous emissions generated in a full-scale municipal WWTP located in Barcelona was conducted, aiming at identifying the main odour and GHG emission sources. The WWTP under study treats an average inlet flow of 33,000 m3 d−1 using a Ludzack-Ettinger system with Membrane BioReactor (MBR) technology, and it has installed a gas caption and treatment system consisting of a biotrickling filter followed by a conventional biofilter to treat part of the off-gases produced during the wastewater treatment. For this work, gaseous emissions characterization campaigns were conducted to assess the proper performance of the gas treatment unit and to estimate the emission factors referred to odorants and GHGs for the different emission sources and to assess the proper performance of the gas treatment system. Besides, a chemical characterization of the different volatile organic compounds (VOC) present in the gaseous emissions was performed through TD-GC/MS. The main potential odour sources were the reception tank, the barscreens building and the primary settler, where odour concentrations were in the range of 1300 and 2600 ou·m−3. Moreover, GHG emissions were found during the primary treatment and in the MBR units, ranging from 2.21 to 68,217.13 mg CO2eq·m−3. Different VOCs such as aromatic hydrocarbons, alkanes and ketones were found in the gaseous emissions with a high variability among all the emission sources. The results obtained are valuable indicators that can be used to develop odour and GHG mitigation strategies in WWTPs and to estimate the environmental impact of these facilities.

Background and Methods: Degradation of forests in developing countries results from multiple activities and is perceived to be a key source of greenhouse gas emissions, yet there are not reliable methodologies to measure and monitor emissions from all degrading activities. Therefore, there is limited knowledge of the actual extent of emissions from forest degradation. Degradation can be either in the forest interior, with a repeatable defined pattern within areas of forest, as with timber harvest, or on the forest edge and immediately bounding areas of deforestation. Forest edge degradation is especially challenging to capture with remote sensing or to predict from proxy factors. This paper addresses forest edge degradation and: (1) proposes a low cost methodology for assessing forest edge degradation surrounding deforestation; (2) using the method, provides estimates of gross carbon emissions from forest degradation surrounding and caused by alluvial mining in Guyana, and (3) compares emissions from mining degradation with other sources of forest greenhouse gas emissions. To estimate carbon emissions from forest degradation associated with mining in Guyana, 100 m buffers were located around polygons pre-mapped as mining deforestation, and within these buffers rectangular transects were established. Researchers collected ground data to produce estimates of the biomass damaged as a result of mining activities to apply to the buffer area around the mining deforestation. Results: The proposed method to estimate emissions from forest edge degradation was successfully piloted in Guyana, where 61% of the transects lost 10 Mg C ha−1 or less in trees from mining damage and 46% of these transects lost 1 Mg C ha−1 or less. Seventy percent of the damaged stems and 60% of carbon loss occurred in the first 50 m of the transects. The median loss in carbon stock from mining damage was 2.2 Mg C ha−1 (95% confidence interval: 0.0–10.2 Mg C ha−1). The carbon loss from mining degradation represented 1.0% of mean total aboveground carbon stocks, with emissions from mining degradation equivalent to ~2% of all emissions from forest change in Guyana. Conclusions: Gross carbon emissions from forest degradation around mining sites are of little significance regardless of persistence and potential forest recovery. The development of cost- and time-effective buffers around deforestation provides a sound approach to estimating carbon emissions from forest degradation adjacent to deforestation including surrounding mining. This simple approach provides a low-cost method that can be replicated anywhere to derive forest degradation estimates.

Objectives : In the context where the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from livestock manure (LSM) account for more than half of the GHG emissions in the livestock sector, it is necessary to find alternatives to composting due to the decrease in agricultural land. This study aims to calculate the GHG reduction contribution and economic benefits when converting LSM into solid fuel as an alternative to traditional composting.Methods : The study compares the results of converting the entire LSM generated domestically into solid fuel replacing it with hard coal for fuel (HC-F), bituminous coal for raw materials (BC-R), bituminous coal for fuel (BC-F). The GHG reduction contribution is calculated following the domestic GHG inventory methodology, using the IPCC guidelines and the method for calculating carbon emission reduction effects. For the assessment of economic benefits, were evaluated by aggregating the impacts of reducing coal imports and GHG reduction benefits in line with EU-ETS standards. Economic benefits are assessed by combining the effects of avoiding coal imports and the GHG reduction benefits according to the EU-ETS.Results and Discussion : The GHG reduction effect was found to be highest when replacing with HC-F, and this is attributed to the lower heating value and higher GHG emission coefficient of HC-F compared to BC-R, and BC-F, indicating that the substitution with HC-F is most effective in terms of import avoidance. If 20% of the annual coal consumption in 2022 is replaced with solid fuel from LSM, the GHG reduction effects for coal substitution are 1.4% for HC-F, 2.1% for BC-R, and 1.9% for BC-F based on the LSM generation CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from biomass fuel are considered climate-neutral and are excluded from the national total emissions. Solid fuel from LSM serves as an alternative in addressing the GHG generated during the LSM treatment process, contributing to potential reduction. If all generated LSM is replaced with HC-F, BC-R, or BC-F, there are respective GHG reduction effects of 13,193,591 tGHG, 11,320,572 tGHG, and 11,226,331 tGHG.Conclusion In 2018, the livestock sector accounted for approximately 42% of the GHG emissions in the agricultural sector, totaling 9.4 million tCO<sub>2</sub> eq. Assuming the complete conversion of LSM into solid fuel for coal substitution, regardless of the type of coal replaced, it offsets the entire GHG emissions from the agricultural sector. Currently, there is limited demand for the conversion of LSM into solid fuel due to a lack of proof and awareness, but with some coal-fired power plants scheduled for partial shutdown and the government considering energy options for LSM, a promising stage is anticipated in the future for the substitution and expanded use of solid fuel from LSM in place of coal in the coal fuel. Although it may not be possible to entirely replace the coal used in power plants and steel mills with solid fuel from LSM, it can be utilized by increasing the proportion of coal blending. However, even if not reported in the national GHG inventory, the treatment of pollutants generated by solid fuel combustion remains an ongoing challenge. As solid fuel becomes more commonplace in the future, a comprehensive assessment of the entire process, including potential environmental impacts throughout the life cycle, will be necessary to establish a basis for GHG reduction measures.

Modelling spatial heterogeneity in grazed grassland and its effects on nitrogen cycling and greenhouse gas emissions

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">In 2022, the U.S. transportation sector was the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the country, with the combination of passenger and commercial vehicles contributing 80% of these emissions. As adoption of passenger electric vehicles continues to climb, sights are being set on the electrification of heavy-duty commercial vehicle (HDCV) fleets. The sustainability of these shifts relies in part on the addition of significant renewable energy generation resources to both bolster the grid in the face of increased demand, and to prevent a shift in the source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to the grid, as opposed to a true net reduction. Additionally, it is necessary to quantify the variations in economic viability across the country for these technologies as it pertains to their productive capabilities. Doing so will encourage investment and ensure that the transition to electrified HDCV fleets is commercially viable, as well as sustainable. In an effort to meet these goals, multiple computational frameworks are used to locate suitable land for renewable infrastructure development, and to quantify spatiotemporal variations in the potential energy generation and financial viability of development sites across the Unites States. First, the Oak Ridge Siting Analysis for power Generation Expansion tool (OR-SAGE) is used to assess the suitability of land for potential wind and solar energy development across the contiguous U.S. From there, resource data from the National Solar Radiation Database (NSRDB) and the Wind Integration National Dataset (WIND) are used in concert with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Renewable Energy Potential (ReV) model to calculate the variation in potential generation capacity for each resource. Additionally, the capital and operational expenditures are calculated for an example configuration of each renewable technology. These measures are then used to calculate the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of potential sites. All of these results are then processed and analyzed to determine where in the U.S. solar and wind energy are most viable. This viability is based on available generation potential, consistency and stability of energy generation over time, and economic viability with respect to LCOE.</div></div>

Urban water cycle systems(UWCS), including water treatment facilities, distribution facilities, sewers, and wastewater treatment facilities, are energy intensive and significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, making the reduction of GHG emissions and the transition to eco-friendly energy essential. This study identifies specific GHG emission sources at each stage of the UWCS and proposes detailed methods to achieve a 40% reduction in GHG emissions, implement RE100, and attain Net Zero by employing insets and offsets. This study develops scenarios for insets and offsets based on the baseline process of the UWCS, and investigates potential pathways to reduce GHG emissions by quantifying emissions from each process. Internal insets, which are self-implemented and technical measures, are prioritized, while external offsets are applied to compensate for the remaining emissions. Internal insets include the application of anaerobic digesters and combined heat and power(CHP), improvements in energy efficiency of equipment, reduction in water pipe leakage, implementation of water footprint labeling, and installation of on-site photovoltaic system. External offsets comprise renewable energy certificates(REC), power purchase agreements(PPA), green hydrogen fuel for vehicles, natural sequestration improvement, and emission trading system. GHG emissions at each stage within the UWCS are quantified using modeling software. Based on these results, the effectiveness of insets and offsets in achieving a 40% GHG emissions reduction, Net Zero, and RE100 goal is analyzed. The baseline total GHG emissions for the UWCS are estimated at 4,732.8 tCO2eq/yr, of which 56.8% is identified as targets for internal insets, and the remaining 43.2% is reduced through external offsets. A 40% GHG reduction can be achieved through internal insets, and Net Zero can be attained by incorporating additionally applying external offsets. The total power demand of UWCS facilities and equipment is calculated as 572.8 kW. Renewable energy is generated through anaerobic digesters and CHP(116.1kW) as well as on-site PV(395.0 kW), while RE100 compliance is achieved by securing an aditional 61.7 kW through REC/PPA. Achieving Net Zero and RE100 requires prioritizing strategies for insets, offsets and efficient resource allocation. For this, the technical feasibility and self-implementation potential of reduction efforts and the external conditions for offsets, should be carefully reviewed to optimize implementation strategies. GHG reduction and renewable energy utilization in the UWCS are key priorities for addressing the climate crisis and achieving sustainable water resource management, requiring technological innovation and institutional support. The comprehensive and systematic application of GHG insets and offsets is the optimal approach to achieving these goals. Furthermore, modeling software serves as a key tool for quantifying GHG emissions and formulating concrete, viable GHG reduction strategies. In addition to the technical and institutional approaches proposed in this study, achieving Net Zero and implementing RE100 requires the integrated consideration of economic factors in the future.

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The waste sector is a significant source of greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions and clarifying its emission trends and characteristics is the premise for formulating GHG emission reduction strategies. Using the IPCC inventory model, the GHG emissions from the municipal solid waste(MSW) sector in China during 2010 to 2020 were estimated. The results showed that GHG emissions increased from 42.5 Mt in 2010 to 75.3 Mt in 2019, then decreased to 72.1 Mt in 2020. MSW landfills were the main source of GHG emissions. Further, with the increase in the proportion of waste incineration, the proportion of GHG incineration increased rapidly from 16.5% in 2010 to 60.1% in 2020. In terms of regional distribution, East and South China were the regions with the highest emissions, and Guangdong, Shandong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang were the provinces with the largest GHG emissions. Implementing MSW classification, changing the MSW disposal modes from landfilling to incineration, improving the LFG collection efficiency of landfills, and using biological functional materials as the cover soil to strengthen the methane oxidation efficiency are the main measures to achieve GHG emission reduction in waste sectors.