Abstract
The study of the Emission Factors (EF) of methane (CH4) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emitted from vehicle exhaust is the study of greenhouse gases that are crucial to climate change. These gases are part of a fuel known as Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) or as Natural Gas for Vehicles (NGV) in Thailand. This fuel is used as an alternative to oil, which has decreased the amount of gasoline and diesel oil used in the transportation sector of Thailand. This study used different types of cars that were tested on a chassis dynamometer with a Bangkok driving cycle to measure the emissions of CH4 and CO2 and then to calculate the averages of EF-CH4 and EF-CO2, which are associated with speed and fuel consumption, respectively. This study was conducted in 3 vehicle types that are actually used in Thailand, namely, Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles (HDDV), Light Duty Diesel Vehicles (LDDV) and Light Duty Gasoline Vehicles (LDGV). Our results showed that of the three vehicle types, HDDV produced the highest EF-CH4 and EF-CO2 averages at 7.22 and 919.6 g km-1, respectively. LDDV produced the lowest EF-CH4 (0.17 g km-1) and LDGV produced the lowest EF-CO2 (153.8 g km-1). In addition, the EF-CH4 and EF-CO2values of LDDV and LDGV were comparable even though the engine types of these vehicles were different. With respect to fuel consumption, the EF-CH4 and EF-CO2 of HDDV indicated a higher fuel consumption, which differed from those of LDDV and LDGV. Nevertheless, LDGV or taxis, which account for a large portion of the transportation sector in Thailand, emitted higher proportions of CH4 and CO2 than the other vehicle types, as shown by the CH4:CO2 ratio. Therefore, according to the results, the EF-CH4 and EF-CO2 values can be applied for the effective evaluation of CH4 and CO2 emissions from vehicles in Thailand.
Highlights
Reduces the consumption and import of any type of oil and has physical properties that normally result in low Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) or Natural Gas for pollution emissions compared with other fuels
This study was conducted in 3 vehicle types that are used in Thailand, namely, Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles (HDDV), Light Duty Diesel Vehicles (LDDV) and Light Duty Gasoline Vehicles (LDGV)
Our results showed that of the three vehicle types, HDDV produced the highest EFCH4 and Emission Factors (EF)-CO2 averages at 7.22 and 919.6 g km−1, respectively
Summary
Reduces the consumption and import of any type of oil and has physical properties that normally result in low Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) or Natural Gas for pollution emissions compared with other fuels. In Thailand, there has not been an emission factor study that could be used to properly evaluate the emissions of greenhouse gases from the combustion in vehicles using compressed natural gas (Akansu et al, 2007). Conducting a study of emission factor methane (EF-CH4) and carbon dioxide (EF-CO2) from different types of vehicles used in Thailand is necessary. The results of the test vehicles that use CNG as fuel and the patterns of driving in the studied areas from the laboratory (PCD, 2000) will be used to calculate the EF-CH4 and EF-CO2 to find a relationship between the evaluated vehicle greenhouse gas emissions and the actual conditions and to apply the results to the effective planning of air pollution management in Thailand
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