Abstract
ABSTRACTThis paper focuses on CO2 and regulated pollutants (NOx, HC, CO, PM) emitted by eight Euro 4–6 gasoline and diesel vehicles with six different technologies. The emission factors were repeatedly measured on a chassis dynamometer bench using Artemis Urban with cold and hot start, Road and Motorway, WLTC and NEDC driving conditions. The influence of driving conditions and approved driving cycles on pollutant emissions was also investigated. The measured emission factors for regulated compounds were compared to the corresponding emission factors of the COPCETE emission model developed by the French Ministry of Ecology. The results indicate that the NEDC cycle, used for type-approval of emissions of regulated compounds, leads to underestimation of CO2 (9–23%) and NOx (1.2 to 2 times) emissions and overestimation of CO and HC (2 to 5 times) in relation to the Artemis cycles, which are real-world simulation driving cycles. The WLTC cycle for the worldwide harmonization of vehicle emissions shows similar HC, NOx and CO emissions with the Artemis average cycle within uncertainty of the measurements. The NOx emissions measured were 1.6 to 8 times greater than the type-approval limits. These high NOx emissions produced by all the diesel vehicles tested under real-world driving conditions could serve as particle precursors and increase secondary organic aerosol formation. They are also indicative of the significant cause for concern regarding urban air quality and the increase in the portion of Euro 5 and 6 diesel vehicles in France's vehicle fleet. Regarding emission factor assessments, the emission levels measured are overall in fair agreement with the COPCETE predictions within uncertainties for CO2 and regulated pollutants. Updating the database is vital in order to be able to produce more representative emission factors and better evaluate the health and environmental effects from vehicle emissions.
Highlights
Vehicle emissions are the main source of gaseous and particulate air pollution in urban areas
Since the PM emissions were very low for all the vehicles tested under all driving conditions, the PM emission factors are not presented in this paper
Further tests will be necessary both to confirm whether this high Carbon monoxide (CO) emission behavior is an individual emission event or a systematic behavior and to provide more appropriate CO emission factors under high exhaust temperatures with propulsion engines
Summary
Vehicle emissions are the main source of gaseous and particulate air pollution in urban areas. On both a regional and global scale, vehicle pollution may negatively impact human health and play a significant role in climate change and air quality (Aphekom, 2011; IPCC, 2011). European emission standards on regulated pollutants such as CO2, CO, HC, NOx, PM and PN for passenger cars (Euro 1–6) have become increasingly stringent in the past two decades. Road transport reportedly contributes about 20% of PM2.5 and PM10 and about 50% NOx emissions (EPA, 2012, 2014). O’Driscoll (2016) showed that the variability in NOx emissions with on-board PEMS measurement was significant and could exceed the type-approval limit by a factor of 22
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