Abstract
Emission characteristics such as energy distribution, angular intensity distribution, noise current, and temperature effects have been measured and compared for liquid bismuth and liquid gallium ion sources. The full width half maximum (FWHM) at low currents (IT?1 μA) was ?4.5 eV for gallium at ?300 K and ?9 eV for bismuth at ∠600 K. For both gallium and bismuth the FWHM increased monotonically with current. Gallium beam angular intensity at IT?1 μA was 15 μA/sr increasing to ?65 μA/sr at 30 μA emission current while for bismuth the angular intensity increased from ? 12 μA/sr to ?35 μA/sr as the emission current increased from 1 μA to ∠30 μA. A large increase in beam angular divergence was observed as IT was increased over the range 1–30 μA for bismuth. An unusually low noise current almost entirely accounted for by shot noise was exhibited by both the bismuth and the gallium ion sources. These results point towards a strongly space charge limited emission process.
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