Emerging trends on nanomaterial-based simultaneous electrochemical sensing of dopamine and acetaminophen

Abstract

Recent years have witnessed significant developments in electrochemical sensing, especially voltammetric techniques, which are known for providing flexible platforms for the simultaneous measurement of the analgesic acetaminophen (AC) and the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA). The most recent advancements and trends in electrochemical methods for the simultaneous detection of these two analytes are thoroughly reviewed in this paper. The different novel electrode materials, viz. nanostructures, and several surface modifications used to improve the sensitivity, selectivity, and stability of sensors that target the electrochemistry of acetaminophen and dopamine, have been carried out in studies published in the last decade. A wide range of voltammetric techniques are covered in this investigation, such as square wave voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and cyclic voltammetry. The review also critically examines the drawbacks and restrictions of the existing approaches, which range from problems with selectivity in intricate matrices to the requirement for in-vivo applications and real-time monitoring in terms of diagnostics. The pursuit of multifunctional sensors, integration of advanced nanomaterials, and standardization of experimental conditions are identified as critical research gaps. The study concludes with some notions about potential future developments, highlighting the possible influence of current trends on the advancement of electrochemical sensors for the simultaneous measurement of dopamine and acetaminophen. It also suggests future directions for ongoing research and how the exploration of unexplored areas can be attended to develop highly sensitive, selective, and cost-effective electrochemical sensors.