Abstract
Dichlorvos (O,O-dimethyl O-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)phosphate, DDVP) is a widely acknowledged broad-spectrum organophosphorus insecticide and acaracide. This pesticide has been used for more than four decades and is still in strong demand in many developing countries. Extensive application of DDVP in agriculture has caused severe hazardous impacts on living systems. The International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization considered DDVP among the list of 2B carcinogens, which means a certain extent of cancer risk. Hence, removing DDVP from the environment has attracted worldwide attention. Many studies have tested the removal of DDVP using different kinds of physicochemical methods including gas phase surface discharge plasma, physical adsorption, hydrodynamic cavitation, and nanoparticles. Compared to physicochemical methods, microbial degradation is regarded as an environmentally friendly approach to solve several environmental issues caused by pesticides. Till now, several DDVP-degrading microbes have been isolated and reported, including but not limited to Cunninghamella, Fusarium, Talaromyces, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Ochrobium, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Trichoderma. Moreover, the possible degradation pathways of DDVP and the transformation of several metabolites have been fully explored. In addition, there are a few studies on DDVP-degrading enzymes and the corresponding genes in microorganisms. However, further research relevant to molecular biology and genetics are still needed to explore the bioremediation of DDVP. This review summarizes the latest development in DDVP degradation and provides reasonable and scientific advice for pesticide removal in contaminated environments.
Highlights
A ReviewYuming Zhang 1,2 , Wenping Zhang 1,2 , Jiayi Li 1,2 , Shimei Pang 1,2 , Sandhya Mishra 1,2 , Pankaj Bhatt 1,2 , Daxing Zeng 3, * and Shaohua Chen 1,2, *
The overly common use of organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) has led to a high risk of exposure to acute toxic compounds for various kinds of creatures, including humans [1]
Hydroxyl radicals have the ability to break the double bond in the DDVP molecule, and DDVP is further oxidized to 1,1dichloro ethoxy dimethyl phosphate, 1,1,1-trichloro-2-hydroxyl-ethyl dimethyl phosphate, dimethyl phosphite, dimethyl phosphate, trimethyl phosphate, methyl phosphate, dichloro acetaldehyde, oxalic acid, CH2 Cl2, CHCl3, CO2, H2 O, and chloridion [48]
Summary
Yuming Zhang 1,2 , Wenping Zhang 1,2 , Jiayi Li 1,2 , Shimei Pang 1,2 , Sandhya Mishra 1,2 , Pankaj Bhatt 1,2 , Daxing Zeng 3, * and Shaohua Chen 1,2, *.
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