Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has provided new pathways for the development of biomedical devices over the last ten years. This critical review aims to introduce several emerging strategies based on SERS that have achieved ultrahigh sensitivity for biomedical applications. These include liquid interface-assisted SERS, photo-induced SERS, dynamic SERS, optical-trapping SERS, and some other attractive approaches. The mechanisms involved are discussed to demonstrate the capability of an enhancement factor that exceeds 1014. In addition, we present some novel applications in biomedicine to illustrate the versatility of the SERS strategies. In the Outlook section, we highlight barriers and possibilities of next-generation SERS analyzers for biomedical applications.
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