Abstract
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) regulates many aspects of plant growth and development as well as responses to multiple stresses. Post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation or ubiquitination have pivotal roles in the regulation of ABA signaling. In addition to the positive regulator sucrose non-fermenting-1 related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2), the relevance of the role of other protein kinases, such as CK2, has been recently highlighted. We have recently established that CK2 phosphorylates the maize ortholog of open stomata 1 OST1, ZmOST1, suggesting a role of CK2 phosphorylation in the control of ZmOST1 protein degradation (Vilela et al., 2015). CK2 is a pleiotropic enzyme involved in multiple developmental and stress-responsive pathways. This review summarizes recent advances that taken together suggest a prominent role of protein kinase CK2 in ABA signaling and related processes.
Highlights
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a central role in plant development and responses to abiotic stress (Leung and Giraudat, 1998; Finkelstein et al, 2002)
Several transcription factors involved in ABA signaling as ABI3, ABI5, ABFs ABI4, and ATHB6 can be regulated by proteasome degradation
KEEPONGOING (KEG), a RING3-type E3 ubiquitin ligase, negatively regulates ABA signaling by promoting ABI5 ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by the 26S proteasome (Liu and Stone, 2010)
Summary
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a central role in plant development and responses to abiotic stress (Leung and Giraudat, 1998; Finkelstein et al, 2002). There is growing amount of data linking protein kinase CK2 to ABA signaling and abiotic stress responses, as shown in this review. These factors bind to ABRE (ABA Responsive Elements) in the nucleus and activate the transcription of ABA-inducible genes, suggesting that CK2 regulation of RAB proteins could involve direct phosphorylation and altered gene expression.
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