Abstract
Optical biosensors are used in numerous applications and analytical fields. Advances in these sensor platforms offer high sensitivity, selectivity, miniaturization, and real-time analysis, among many other advantages. Research into bioactive natural products serves both to protect against potentially dangerous toxic compounds and to promote pharmacological innovation in drug discovery, as these compounds have unique chemical compositions that may be characterized by greater safety and efficacy. However, conventional methods for detecting these biomolecules have drawbacks, as they are time-consuming and expensive. As an alternative, optical biosensors offer a faster, simpler, and less expensive means of detecting various biomolecules of clinical interest. In this review, an overview of recent developments in optical biosensors for the detection and monitoring of aquatic biotoxins to prevent public health risks is first provided. In addition, the advantages and applicability of these biosensors in the field of drug discovery, including high-throughput screening, are discussed. The contribution of the investigated technological advances in the timely and sensitive detection of biotoxins while deciphering the pathways to discover bioactive compounds with great health-promoting prospects is envisaged to meet the increasing demands of healthcare systems.
Highlights
Biotoxins are biological toxic substances produced by various organisms, namely, animals, plants, and microorganisms
Microcystins produced by cyanobacteria can kill animals living in eutrophic freshwater ecosystems or accumulate in mollusks, fish, and crayfish consumed by humans [3]
Dinoflagellates are unicellular planktonic microalgae that have been the subject of several studies. They produce a wide range of natural biotoxins, some of which are common to cyanobacteria, such as saxitoxin, having unique and valuable potential for the development of new drugs [14]
Summary
Biotoxins are biological toxic substances produced by various organisms, namely, animals (animal toxins), plants (phytotoxins), and microorganisms (mycotoxins, cyanotoxins, and toxins of dinoflagellates and diatoms). Dinoflagellates are unicellular planktonic microalgae that have been the subject of several studies They produce a wide range of natural biotoxins, some of which are common to cyanobacteria, such as saxitoxin, having unique and valuable potential for the development of new drugs [14]. Yessotoxin can cause genotoxicity and induce mitotic catastrophe, followed by cell death, including apoptotic and necrosis-like manner, indicating great potential to control tumor progression [45] Another toxin isolated from dinoflagellates with interesting properties is amphidinol, which has antifungal and hemolytic activities [46]. The advantages and importance of replacing conventional methods with optical biosensors are discussed Their improved performance, miniaturization, and rapid response improve the detection and monitoring of biotoxins and contribute to the identification of various biomolecules of clinical interest for new drug development. It is expected that these technologies can be used to accelerate biomedical research in the field of bioactive natural products
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